B-RAF kinase drives developmental axon growth and
... B-RAF activation rescues nociceptor axon extension in embryos lacking TrkA To test whether kaB-RAF is sufficient to drive nociceptor axon growth in the absence of TrkA signaling, we next mated the LSL-kaBraf:nes-Cre line with available TrkAtaulacZ and Bax/ lines to generate LSL-kaBraf:TrkAtaulacZ/ ...
... B-RAF activation rescues nociceptor axon extension in embryos lacking TrkA To test whether kaB-RAF is sufficient to drive nociceptor axon growth in the absence of TrkA signaling, we next mated the LSL-kaBraf:nes-Cre line with available TrkAtaulacZ and Bax/ lines to generate LSL-kaBraf:TrkAtaulacZ/ ...
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... sodium currents either by an inhibitor of voltage-gated sodium channels or by antisense-mediated knockdown of an subunit of voltage-gated sodium channels (Nav1.6a) also decreases the RB cell death (Svoboda et al., 2001; Pineda et al., 2006), thereby suggesting that neurotrophic inputs, kinase regu ...
... sodium currents either by an inhibitor of voltage-gated sodium channels or by antisense-mediated knockdown of an subunit of voltage-gated sodium channels (Nav1.6a) also decreases the RB cell death (Svoboda et al., 2001; Pineda et al., 2006), thereby suggesting that neurotrophic inputs, kinase regu ...
Neurons and Neurotransmission with Nerve slides
... always fire at the same intensity •All action potentials are of the same strength. •A neuron does NOT fire at 30%, 45% or 90% but at 100% each time it fires. ...
... always fire at the same intensity •All action potentials are of the same strength. •A neuron does NOT fire at 30%, 45% or 90% but at 100% each time it fires. ...
The Nervous System
... Function • Cells of the Nervous System • CNS – Functional components – Neural networks – Organization of the CNS ...
... Function • Cells of the Nervous System • CNS – Functional components – Neural networks – Organization of the CNS ...
nerve part 1
... • After depolarization and repolarization, the ionic composition inside and outside the cell membrane is slightly disturbed. • Redistribution of Na and K ions to the normal resting condition is established by the Na-K pump which actively transports Na out and K into the cell ...
... • After depolarization and repolarization, the ionic composition inside and outside the cell membrane is slightly disturbed. • Redistribution of Na and K ions to the normal resting condition is established by the Na-K pump which actively transports Na out and K into the cell ...
Introduction to biophysics
... potential of the post-synaptic cell. It is thought, that glia cells do not play a primary role in information processing in the brain. The different types of glia cells have two important functions. The astrocytes maintain in a variety of ways the appropriate chemical environment for the nerve cells ...
... potential of the post-synaptic cell. It is thought, that glia cells do not play a primary role in information processing in the brain. The different types of glia cells have two important functions. The astrocytes maintain in a variety of ways the appropriate chemical environment for the nerve cells ...
Predictive Coding as a Model of Biased Competition in Visual
... The hierarchical neural network architecture that would implement equations 6, 7 and 8 is shown in Figure 2. This reformulated model can be interpreted as a form of BC model in which cortical regions at neighbouring stages along an information processing pathway are reciprocally connected by excitat ...
... The hierarchical neural network architecture that would implement equations 6, 7 and 8 is shown in Figure 2. This reformulated model can be interpreted as a form of BC model in which cortical regions at neighbouring stages along an information processing pathway are reciprocally connected by excitat ...
A monument of inefficiency: The presumed course of the recurrent
... Could some extinct tetrapod have evolved a nonrecurrent laryngeal nerve that took a more direct path from the brain− stem to the larynx? It appears unlikely, given the develop− mental and clinical correlations of nonrecurrent laryngeal nerves—those that run directly from the brainstem to the lar− yn ...
... Could some extinct tetrapod have evolved a nonrecurrent laryngeal nerve that took a more direct path from the brain− stem to the larynx? It appears unlikely, given the develop− mental and clinical correlations of nonrecurrent laryngeal nerves—those that run directly from the brainstem to the lar− yn ...
"Visual System Development in Vertebrates". In: Encyclopedia of
... connections. Thus, photoreceptors consist of both rods and cones that differ in their sensitivity to light, morphology and distribution in the retina. Moreover, at least 15 different subtypes of RGCs, as well as multiple types of amacrine and bipolar cells have been described. Synaptic connections for ...
... connections. Thus, photoreceptors consist of both rods and cones that differ in their sensitivity to light, morphology and distribution in the retina. Moreover, at least 15 different subtypes of RGCs, as well as multiple types of amacrine and bipolar cells have been described. Synaptic connections for ...
Macrophages Promote Axon Regeneration with Concurrent Neurotoxicity
... tions (see Fig. 8). A MetaMorph image analysis system (Molecular Deinjection, rats were anesthetized and perfused transcardially with ⬃200 vices) was used to analyze the gradient intensity of CNTF labeling across ml of cold 0.1 M PBS and 300 ml of 4% paraformaldehyde. Spinal cords or an arbitrary sa ...
... tions (see Fig. 8). A MetaMorph image analysis system (Molecular Deinjection, rats were anesthetized and perfused transcardially with ⬃200 vices) was used to analyze the gradient intensity of CNTF labeling across ml of cold 0.1 M PBS and 300 ml of 4% paraformaldehyde. Spinal cords or an arbitrary sa ...
chapter 43 mechanisms of action of antiepileptic drugs
... complexes, composed of a large α subunit that forms four subunit-like homologous domains (designated I to IV) and one or more smaller β subunits (3). The ion-conducting pore is contained within the α subunit, as are the elements of the channel that mediate its fundamental physiologic properties incl ...
... complexes, composed of a large α subunit that forms four subunit-like homologous domains (designated I to IV) and one or more smaller β subunits (3). The ion-conducting pore is contained within the α subunit, as are the elements of the channel that mediate its fundamental physiologic properties incl ...
Sympathetic nervous system
... Outline one assumption of the biological approach. (2 marks) Rita and Holly are identical twins who were separated at birth. When they finally met each other at the age of 35, they were surprised at how different their personalities were. Rita is much more social and out-going than Holly. Use your k ...
... Outline one assumption of the biological approach. (2 marks) Rita and Holly are identical twins who were separated at birth. When they finally met each other at the age of 35, they were surprised at how different their personalities were. Rita is much more social and out-going than Holly. Use your k ...
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... The SOD1 mutant mouse is the most widely used model of human amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). To determine where and when the pathological changes of motor neuron disease begins, we performed a comprehensive spatiotemporal analysis of disease progression in SOD1G93A mice. Quantitative pathologic ...
... The SOD1 mutant mouse is the most widely used model of human amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). To determine where and when the pathological changes of motor neuron disease begins, we performed a comprehensive spatiotemporal analysis of disease progression in SOD1G93A mice. Quantitative pathologic ...
Using extracellular matrix for regenerative medicine in the spinal
... control and stabilize the formation of synapses and connections [43,44]. The main components of PNN are hyaluronan (HA), link proteins, CSPGs and tenascin-R [41,43]. It is thought, that this structure plays an important role in CNS regeneration and its formation is directly correlated to decrease in ...
... control and stabilize the formation of synapses and connections [43,44]. The main components of PNN are hyaluronan (HA), link proteins, CSPGs and tenascin-R [41,43]. It is thought, that this structure plays an important role in CNS regeneration and its formation is directly correlated to decrease in ...
Microtubule Reconfiguration during Axonal Retraction Induced by
... in the control axons. Microtubule mass was quantified by measuring the fluorescence intensity of -tubulin staining. Fluorescence images of both the retracted axons and control axons were captured at the same camera and microscope settings. Overexposure and underexposure were avoided by using the co ...
... in the control axons. Microtubule mass was quantified by measuring the fluorescence intensity of -tubulin staining. Fluorescence images of both the retracted axons and control axons were captured at the same camera and microscope settings. Overexposure and underexposure were avoided by using the co ...
The Cell Membrane
... proteins serve as (1) channels, which permit the passage of selected ions through the membrane; (2) carriers (or trans porters), which translocate substances across the membrane by binding to them; (3) pumps, which are carriers that split adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and use the energy derived for ...
... proteins serve as (1) channels, which permit the passage of selected ions through the membrane; (2) carriers (or trans porters), which translocate substances across the membrane by binding to them; (3) pumps, which are carriers that split adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and use the energy derived for ...
5-Autonomic Nervous System
... synapse with neurons 2. Leave the sympathetic (postganglionic) of chain (without synapse) to paravertebral ganglia located in sympathetic reach coeliac & mesenteric ganglia (around branches of ...
... synapse with neurons 2. Leave the sympathetic (postganglionic) of chain (without synapse) to paravertebral ganglia located in sympathetic reach coeliac & mesenteric ganglia (around branches of ...
HSAN I - Viktor`s Notes for the Neurosurgery Resident
... Schwann cells can modulate axon caliber, neurofilament density within axoplasm, etc. abnormal expression of PMP22 → both neuronal and Schwann cell alterations. PMP22 is implicated in trembler mouse. Myelin protein zero (P0) - major component of PNS myelin. major role - compaction of myelin ( ...
... Schwann cells can modulate axon caliber, neurofilament density within axoplasm, etc. abnormal expression of PMP22 → both neuronal and Schwann cell alterations. PMP22 is implicated in trembler mouse. Myelin protein zero (P0) - major component of PNS myelin. major role - compaction of myelin ( ...
The Lymphoid System - Napa Valley College
... in the bone and differentiate to form B cells and NK cells • B cells produce antibodies • NK cells act as immunological surveillance cells • Both will reside in peripheral tissues or circulate throughout the body ...
... in the bone and differentiate to form B cells and NK cells • B cells produce antibodies • NK cells act as immunological surveillance cells • Both will reside in peripheral tissues or circulate throughout the body ...
Physiology of intracellular potassium channels: A unifying role as
... the respiratory chain (RC). Consequently, cations (K+ and Ca2+) flow from the intermembrane space (where the concentration of ions is comparable to cytosolic concentrations because the OMM is permeable to these ions) to the matrix when a permeation pathway opens. The direction of K+ flow has been demo ...
... the respiratory chain (RC). Consequently, cations (K+ and Ca2+) flow from the intermembrane space (where the concentration of ions is comparable to cytosolic concentrations because the OMM is permeable to these ions) to the matrix when a permeation pathway opens. The direction of K+ flow has been demo ...
Approach to Mediastinal Masses
... significant abnormality. Lymph nodes having a short axis of 2 cm or more, often reflect the presence of neoplasm, sarcoidosis or infection and should always be regarded as potentially significant. In the absence of a known disease an enlarged node less than 2 cm in short axis diameter should be rega ...
... significant abnormality. Lymph nodes having a short axis of 2 cm or more, often reflect the presence of neoplasm, sarcoidosis or infection and should always be regarded as potentially significant. In the absence of a known disease an enlarged node less than 2 cm in short axis diameter should be rega ...
Randy Kobes Poster Contest Workshop
... belong to and where they are in space. In standard clinical practice, doctors use MRI to detect large causes of cognitive decline such as stroke and tumours. These scans cannot detect more subtle changes in the hippocampus. This project aims to develop more complex methods that reveal details which ...
... belong to and where they are in space. In standard clinical practice, doctors use MRI to detect large causes of cognitive decline such as stroke and tumours. These scans cannot detect more subtle changes in the hippocampus. This project aims to develop more complex methods that reveal details which ...
Axon Terminal Polarization Induced by Weak Uniform
... avoid the issue by adding artificial axons to real dendritic trees [3, 13, 14]. The proposed model assumes uniform distribution of passive parameters, but because we are interested in axon terminals the results can easily be extended whatever the local values of the space constant are. Also not incl ...
... avoid the issue by adding artificial axons to real dendritic trees [3, 13, 14]. The proposed model assumes uniform distribution of passive parameters, but because we are interested in axon terminals the results can easily be extended whatever the local values of the space constant are. Also not incl ...
Lymphatic System
... Capsule- connective tissue that covers the lymph node. Cortex- located under the capsule and contains most of the follicles. Follicles- contains either B cells (primary) or T cells (secondary) and helps to filter lymph. Germinal center- Areas in the secondary follicles that help B cells mature their ...
... Capsule- connective tissue that covers the lymph node. Cortex- located under the capsule and contains most of the follicles. Follicles- contains either B cells (primary) or T cells (secondary) and helps to filter lymph. Germinal center- Areas in the secondary follicles that help B cells mature their ...
Node of Ranvier
The nodes of Ranvier also known as myelin sheath gaps, are the gaps (approximately 1 micrometer in length) formed between the myelin sheaths generated by different cells. A myelin sheath is a many-layered coating, largely composed of a fatty substance called myelin, that wraps around the axon of a neuron and very efficiently insulates it. At nodes of Ranvier, the axonal membrane is uninsulated and, therefore, capable of generating electrical activity.