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... low Cr, Si (Fig. DR1). Rims for both core types exhibit titanopyroxene (MgSi2 = TiAl2) and Catschermaks (MgSi = AlviAliv) substitution and are identical to matrix diopside, indicating that the rim compositions were in equilibrium with the final melt. The diopside cores and chromite are probably xeno ...
... low Cr, Si (Fig. DR1). Rims for both core types exhibit titanopyroxene (MgSi2 = TiAl2) and Catschermaks (MgSi = AlviAliv) substitution and are identical to matrix diopside, indicating that the rim compositions were in equilibrium with the final melt. The diopside cores and chromite are probably xeno ...
Metamorphic Rock Notes
... Results in rocks with foliated textures Prevalent in intensely deformed mountain ranges May occur over wide temperature range Higher pressure and temperature will produce increased metamorphic grade – Prograde metamorphism of shale produces: ...
... Results in rocks with foliated textures Prevalent in intensely deformed mountain ranges May occur over wide temperature range Higher pressure and temperature will produce increased metamorphic grade – Prograde metamorphism of shale produces: ...
STUDyIng EArTh`S LAyErS
... may not come in the form of little green alien visitors but instead be found in the rocks known as meteorites that fall to the planet’s surface. Meteorites are evidence of other rocky planets that may not have survived as the Earth did. Most meteorites come in three forms: stony, iron-based, and sto ...
... may not come in the form of little green alien visitors but instead be found in the rocks known as meteorites that fall to the planet’s surface. Meteorites are evidence of other rocky planets that may not have survived as the Earth did. Most meteorites come in three forms: stony, iron-based, and sto ...
The Theory of Plate Tectonics
... a reverse fault in drawings with arrows. But what types of faults are shown in Figure 6? You can certainly see the faults, but which one is a normal fault, and which one is a reverse fault? In the top left photo in Figure 6, one side has obviously moved relative to the other side. You can tell that ...
... a reverse fault in drawings with arrows. But what types of faults are shown in Figure 6? You can certainly see the faults, but which one is a normal fault, and which one is a reverse fault? In the top left photo in Figure 6, one side has obviously moved relative to the other side. You can tell that ...
Section 1
... squeeze or pull the rock in the crust as if it were a candy bar. These forces are examples of stress, a force that acts on rock to change its shape or volume. (A rock’s volume is the amount of space the rock takes up.) Because stress is a force, it adds energy to the rock. The energy is stored in th ...
... squeeze or pull the rock in the crust as if it were a candy bar. These forces are examples of stress, a force that acts on rock to change its shape or volume. (A rock’s volume is the amount of space the rock takes up.) Because stress is a force, it adds energy to the rock. The energy is stored in th ...
ch07_crct plate tectonics
... losing height and becoming more rounded. Why are these mountains changing in different ways? ...
... losing height and becoming more rounded. Why are these mountains changing in different ways? ...
Sedimentary Rocks
... grain size were carried out. This allowed explanation of the origin of such phenomena as turbidites and tempestites, which can barely be studied in natural conditions. A relation was found for subaquatic sediments between flow characteristics, particle size of the sediment, and the type of bedforms ...
... grain size were carried out. This allowed explanation of the origin of such phenomena as turbidites and tempestites, which can barely be studied in natural conditions. A relation was found for subaquatic sediments between flow characteristics, particle size of the sediment, and the type of bedforms ...
Document
... been part of one or more landmasses that had separated and moved apart. They are supposed to have broken up about 200 million years ago. ...
... been part of one or more landmasses that had separated and moved apart. They are supposed to have broken up about 200 million years ago. ...
Earth Interior/ Mantle Convection
... with VT (Christensen,1984a; Solomatov,1995) which depends on Rayleigh number. VT weakly : convection is nearly isoviscous . Nearlyisoviscous or low-viscousity-contrast regime VT moderately : convection develops a sluggish cold top boundary layer with mobile and large horizontal dimension. Sluggish ...
... with VT (Christensen,1984a; Solomatov,1995) which depends on Rayleigh number. VT weakly : convection is nearly isoviscous . Nearlyisoviscous or low-viscousity-contrast regime VT moderately : convection develops a sluggish cold top boundary layer with mobile and large horizontal dimension. Sluggish ...
Oceanic Crust
... (1)Leftover heat from earth’s formation (2)Decay of Radioactive elements (3)Plate friction ...
... (1)Leftover heat from earth’s formation (2)Decay of Radioactive elements (3)Plate friction ...
Transitions in the style of mantle convection at high
... aluminum plates on the top and bottom of the tank, our boundary conditions are not isothermal, and will be affected by the flow. Although our experimental model does not account for all important features of the Earth’s mantle, in particular internal heating and mobile surface plates, our results il ...
... aluminum plates on the top and bottom of the tank, our boundary conditions are not isothermal, and will be affected by the flow. Although our experimental model does not account for all important features of the Earth’s mantle, in particular internal heating and mobile surface plates, our results il ...
Objective: 1) TSW compare and contrast the composition of the
... Materials: LCD projector, powerpoint, dry erase markers, guided notes with worksheet on back, colored pencils/markers/crayons, drawing paper Do Now: (5 min) 1. What is Continental Drift? 2. What is Pangaea? **draw a diagram on the board with convection on bottom** Set: (5 min) What is this a picture ...
... Materials: LCD projector, powerpoint, dry erase markers, guided notes with worksheet on back, colored pencils/markers/crayons, drawing paper Do Now: (5 min) 1. What is Continental Drift? 2. What is Pangaea? **draw a diagram on the board with convection on bottom** Set: (5 min) What is this a picture ...
PDF file
... The great pressures exerted by continental collision also caused up and down movements along re-activated ancient faults and on new ones. One particularly important fault, the Rosset Gill fault, runs right against the general trend from north-west to south-east. Its effects on the landscape are obvi ...
... The great pressures exerted by continental collision also caused up and down movements along re-activated ancient faults and on new ones. One particularly important fault, the Rosset Gill fault, runs right against the general trend from north-west to south-east. Its effects on the landscape are obvi ...
Pangaea and Seafloor Spreading Notes
... could readily fit into each other, and that the climates many continents were now experiencing would not support the fossil types found there. Continental drift states that all the continents moved from their place of origin-Pangaea, to where they are presently located. 2. Wegener’s idea was not sup ...
... could readily fit into each other, and that the climates many continents were now experiencing would not support the fossil types found there. Continental drift states that all the continents moved from their place of origin-Pangaea, to where they are presently located. 2. Wegener’s idea was not sup ...
Pangaea and Seafloor Spreading Notes
... seemed to have edges that could readily fit into each other, and that the climates many continents were now experiencing would not support the fossil types found there. Continental drift states that all the continents moved from their place of origin-Pangaea, to where they are presently located. 2. ...
... seemed to have edges that could readily fit into each other, and that the climates many continents were now experiencing would not support the fossil types found there. Continental drift states that all the continents moved from their place of origin-Pangaea, to where they are presently located. 2. ...
Sea-Floor Spreading - Zion Central Middle School
... sound waves. The time it takes for the echo to arrive indicates the distance to the object. ...
... sound waves. The time it takes for the echo to arrive indicates the distance to the object. ...
PDF
... From a formal point of view, a geological map is a cartographic document in which information has been projected, over a horizontal plan, in four dimensions: the three dimensions of the ordinary space, to which are added the geological time. It is important to point out that the coordinate Z (vertic ...
... From a formal point of view, a geological map is a cartographic document in which information has been projected, over a horizontal plan, in four dimensions: the three dimensions of the ordinary space, to which are added the geological time. It is important to point out that the coordinate Z (vertic ...
Lec11-022007 - Lunar and Planetary Laboratory
... collided with other planetesimals) to form protoplanets • The protoplanets were at least partially molten – denser iron-rich material fell to the center, bringing heavier metals with it, making an iron-rich core (differentiation) ...
... collided with other planetesimals) to form protoplanets • The protoplanets were at least partially molten – denser iron-rich material fell to the center, bringing heavier metals with it, making an iron-rich core (differentiation) ...
PYTS/ASTR 206 – Terrestrial Planet Interiors and Surfaces
... But has old rocks that are magnetized Core convection in the past Present core probably entirely solid ...
... But has old rocks that are magnetized Core convection in the past Present core probably entirely solid ...
Lecture 12: Surface Processes I
... The result, for T ~ 2.5 Ga (which we get independently from ƒSm/Ndc and eNdc), is that the depleted mantle is 0.3 time the mass of the whole mantle. This fits beautifully with the standard model, since the upper mantle is 1/3 of the mantle. BUT if there is another large reservoir, namely stored subd ...
... The result, for T ~ 2.5 Ga (which we get independently from ƒSm/Ndc and eNdc), is that the depleted mantle is 0.3 time the mass of the whole mantle. This fits beautifully with the standard model, since the upper mantle is 1/3 of the mantle. BUT if there is another large reservoir, namely stored subd ...
PLATE TECTONICS JF Harper Department of Mathematics
... As they move away from the ridges, at a speed which is nearly the same on each side, a pattern of normal and reversed magnetism develops which has its own mirror image across the ridge. The irregularities in timing of reversals become irregularities in spacing of the magnetic anomalies which, since ...
... As they move away from the ridges, at a speed which is nearly the same on each side, a pattern of normal and reversed magnetism develops which has its own mirror image across the ridge. The irregularities in timing of reversals become irregularities in spacing of the magnetic anomalies which, since ...
Age of the Earth
The age of the Earth is 4.54 ± 0.05 billion years (4.54 × 109 years ± 1%). This age is based on evidence from radiometric age dating of meteorite material and is consistent with the radiometric ages of the oldest-known terrestrial and lunar samples.Following the development of radiometric age dating in the early 20th century, measurements of lead in uranium-rich minerals showed that some were in excess of a billion years old.The oldest such minerals analyzed to date—small crystals of zircon from the Jack Hills of Western Australia—are at least 4.404 billion years old. Comparing the mass and luminosity of the Sun to those of other stars, it appears that the Solar System cannot be much older than those rocks. Calcium-aluminium-rich inclusions – the oldest known solid constituents within meteorites that are formed within the Solar System – are 4.567 billion years old, giving an age for the solar system and an upper limit for the age of Earth.It is hypothesised that the accretion of Earth began soon after the formation of the calcium-aluminium-rich inclusions and the meteorites. Because the exact amount of time this accretion process took is not yet known, and the predictions from different accretion models range from a few millions up to about 100 million years, the exact age of Earth is difficult to determine. It is also difficult to determine the exact age of the oldest rocks on Earth, exposed at the surface, as they are aggregates of minerals of possibly different ages.