The single largest oceanic plateau: Ontong Java–Manihiki–Hikurangi
... Oceanic plateaus are mafic igneous provinces commonly thought to derive from ascending mantle plumes. By far the largest, the Ontong Java Plateau (OJP) was emplaced ca. 120 Ma, with a much smaller magmatic pulse of ca. 90 Ma. Of similar age and composition, the Manihiki and Hikurangi Plateaus (MP an ...
... Oceanic plateaus are mafic igneous provinces commonly thought to derive from ascending mantle plumes. By far the largest, the Ontong Java Plateau (OJP) was emplaced ca. 120 Ma, with a much smaller magmatic pulse of ca. 90 Ma. Of similar age and composition, the Manihiki and Hikurangi Plateaus (MP an ...
Convective destabilization of a thickened continental lithosphere
... lithosphere due to its high density. This mechanism is studied by two-dimensional convective numerical simulations in the simple case of a strongly temperature dependent viscous rheology appropriate for upper mantle rocks. We neglect here the weakening effect of a brittle rheology and of a crustal l ...
... lithosphere due to its high density. This mechanism is studied by two-dimensional convective numerical simulations in the simple case of a strongly temperature dependent viscous rheology appropriate for upper mantle rocks. We neglect here the weakening effect of a brittle rheology and of a crustal l ...
TWS Sample 7 Landforms 5th grade
... Because the two plates are touching while sliding past eachother in opposite directions, it builds energy. When that energy is too much for the boundaries to stay in place, the energy is released (think of a rubber band being stretched then finally breaking), which results in the shaking of the two ...
... Because the two plates are touching while sliding past eachother in opposite directions, it builds energy. When that energy is too much for the boundaries to stay in place, the energy is released (think of a rubber band being stretched then finally breaking), which results in the shaking of the two ...
Gernigon, L., O. Olesen, J. Ebbing, S. Wienecke
... Iceland plume caused and/or influenced the breakup of continents and voluminous breakup magmatism at the scale of the North Atlantic (Eldholm and Grue, 1994). Although a mantle plume could explain the formation of this regional magmatic event, some authors have argued that the voluminous breakup magm ...
... Iceland plume caused and/or influenced the breakup of continents and voluminous breakup magmatism at the scale of the North Atlantic (Eldholm and Grue, 1994). Although a mantle plume could explain the formation of this regional magmatic event, some authors have argued that the voluminous breakup magm ...
Lab: Metamorphism: minerals, rocks and plate tectonics!
... Metamorphic Rocks and Plate Tectonics Most metamorphic rocks were probably formed in orogenic (mountain) belts at convergent plate margins. A subducting oceanic plate sets in motion a series of processes, each of which is related to one or more kinds of metamorphism. (1) First, the subducting oceani ...
... Metamorphic Rocks and Plate Tectonics Most metamorphic rocks were probably formed in orogenic (mountain) belts at convergent plate margins. A subducting oceanic plate sets in motion a series of processes, each of which is related to one or more kinds of metamorphism. (1) First, the subducting oceani ...
Characteristic thermal regimes of plate tectonics
... in Earth history may we identify independent horizontal motions from different cratons (e.g., Evans and Pisarevsky, this volume)? Also, we may ask when in the rock record do we first identify zones of convergence and subduction of ocean lithosphere (e.g., Pease et al., this volume). However, care is ...
... in Earth history may we identify independent horizontal motions from different cratons (e.g., Evans and Pisarevsky, this volume)? Also, we may ask when in the rock record do we first identify zones of convergence and subduction of ocean lithosphere (e.g., Pease et al., this volume). However, care is ...
Uranium in magmatic processes
... sedimentary rocks Distribution of U in sedimentary rocks: evaporites have very low U contents, usually < 100 ppb. Limestones contain between 0.5 and 3 ppm U. In terrigenous rocks, U generally increases as the grain size decreases. Sandstones contain about 0.5-2 ppm U, and shales between 2 and 8 ppm. ...
... sedimentary rocks Distribution of U in sedimentary rocks: evaporites have very low U contents, usually < 100 ppb. Limestones contain between 0.5 and 3 ppm U. In terrigenous rocks, U generally increases as the grain size decreases. Sandstones contain about 0.5-2 ppm U, and shales between 2 and 8 ppm. ...
Sea-level change and shore-line evolution in Aegean Greece since
... correction' is a function of the elastic and viscous properties of the Earth, as well as of the temporal and spatial distribution of the ice sheeis. This term is also most important for the former areas of glaciation where the crust has been depressedby the ice load. As the ice melts, the crust rebo ...
... correction' is a function of the elastic and viscous properties of the Earth, as well as of the temporal and spatial distribution of the ice sheeis. This term is also most important for the former areas of glaciation where the crust has been depressedby the ice load. As the ice melts, the crust rebo ...
Chapter 8 Earthquakes
... There are two kinds of body waves: P waves and S waves. P waves are also called pressure waves. They are the fastest kind of seismic wave. P waves can move through solids, liquids, and gases. When a P wave travels through a rock, it squeezes and stretches the rock. P waves make the ground move back ...
... There are two kinds of body waves: P waves and S waves. P waves are also called pressure waves. They are the fastest kind of seismic wave. P waves can move through solids, liquids, and gases. When a P wave travels through a rock, it squeezes and stretches the rock. P waves make the ground move back ...
Deformation of the Plates
... Quartz and Feldspar The behaviour of quartz and feldspar is important because the continental crust is dominated by these minerals. Fully plastic flow in quartz appears at about 300◦ C and for feldspar at about 450–500◦ C. Between these two states quartzofeldspathic rocks behave as composite materia ...
... Quartz and Feldspar The behaviour of quartz and feldspar is important because the continental crust is dominated by these minerals. Fully plastic flow in quartz appears at about 300◦ C and for feldspar at about 450–500◦ C. Between these two states quartzofeldspathic rocks behave as composite materia ...
Tectonic Forces, Rock Structure, and Landforms
... given in relative terms because even though it may seem obvious that one block was pushed up along the fault, the other block may have slid down some distance as well, and it is not always possible to determine with certainty if one or both blocks moved. Reverse or thrust faulting can also result fr ...
... given in relative terms because even though it may seem obvious that one block was pushed up along the fault, the other block may have slid down some distance as well, and it is not always possible to determine with certainty if one or both blocks moved. Reverse or thrust faulting can also result fr ...
Magma and Igneous Rocks
... Melted rock can cool above or below ground. Intrusive igneous rocks – Cool slowly underground. Extrusive igneous rocks – Cool quickly at the surface. ...
... Melted rock can cool above or below ground. Intrusive igneous rocks – Cool slowly underground. Extrusive igneous rocks – Cool quickly at the surface. ...
igneous rocks
... necessarily more than one type of mineral. A rock can be composed of only one type of mineral, but most rocks are composed of several different types of minerals. A mineral is; •a naturally occurring substance •that is solid and stable at room temperature, •representable by a chemical formula, •usua ...
... necessarily more than one type of mineral. A rock can be composed of only one type of mineral, but most rocks are composed of several different types of minerals. A mineral is; •a naturally occurring substance •that is solid and stable at room temperature, •representable by a chemical formula, •usua ...
Pleistocene Epoch
... that many scientists of the 1830s refused to accept the evidence indicating that widespread glaciers were present on the Northern hemisphere continents during the recent geologic past ...
... that many scientists of the 1830s refused to accept the evidence indicating that widespread glaciers were present on the Northern hemisphere continents during the recent geologic past ...
Plate boundaries presentation
... Harry Hess discovered that magma was rising on the sea floor causing it to spread. The hot magma rising in the mantle caused the spreading on the sea floor and the large pieces of crust (tectonic plates) to move. Theory of Plate Tectonics These two theories lead to the Theory of Plate Tectonics. ...
... Harry Hess discovered that magma was rising on the sea floor causing it to spread. The hot magma rising in the mantle caused the spreading on the sea floor and the large pieces of crust (tectonic plates) to move. Theory of Plate Tectonics These two theories lead to the Theory of Plate Tectonics. ...
Coupled and decoupled regimes of continental collision: Numerical
... crustal wedge and bi-modal distribution of stresses (i.e., compressional in the foreland and extensional in the inner part of the orogen, Northern Apennines). While fully decoupled collision zones are strictly related to retreat and delamination of the lower plate, the same is not true for coupled c ...
... crustal wedge and bi-modal distribution of stresses (i.e., compressional in the foreland and extensional in the inner part of the orogen, Northern Apennines). While fully decoupled collision zones are strictly related to retreat and delamination of the lower plate, the same is not true for coupled c ...
Campbell, I.H., Large Igneous Provinces and the mantle plume
... provinces, uplift, picrite through its upper surface. It eventually becomes denser than the underlying mantle and sinks back into it, driving plate tectonics. The lower boundary layer is the contact between the Earth’s molten iron–nickel outer core and the mantle. High-pressure experimental studies ...
... provinces, uplift, picrite through its upper surface. It eventually becomes denser than the underlying mantle and sinks back into it, driving plate tectonics. The lower boundary layer is the contact between the Earth’s molten iron–nickel outer core and the mantle. High-pressure experimental studies ...
Archaean plate tectonics revisited 1. Heat flow, spreading rate, and
... the slab causing it to sink further ...
... the slab causing it to sink further ...
Paleozoic large igneous provinces of Northern Eurasia: Correlation
... Enormous lava eruptions formed large igneous provinces (LIPs) with millions of cubic kilometers emplaced in relatively short time intervals. Such magmatic events have been most likely initiated by the uplift of hot material from the core–mantle boundary and occurred several times during the Cenozoic ...
... Enormous lava eruptions formed large igneous provinces (LIPs) with millions of cubic kilometers emplaced in relatively short time intervals. Such magmatic events have been most likely initiated by the uplift of hot material from the core–mantle boundary and occurred several times during the Cenozoic ...
Activity 4
... what would happen to such material? (This is not a perfect model of what happens to oceanic sediment at a subduction zone, but it gives you the flavor of it. Geoscientists love to make puns.) ...
... what would happen to such material? (This is not a perfect model of what happens to oceanic sediment at a subduction zone, but it gives you the flavor of it. Geoscientists love to make puns.) ...
Geophysics
Geophysics /dʒiːoʊfɪzɪks/ is a subject of natural science concerned with the physical processes and physical properties of the Earth and its surrounding space environment, and the use of quantitative methods for their analysis. The term geophysics sometimes refers only to the geological applications: Earth's shape; its gravitational and magnetic fields; its internal structure and composition; its dynamics and their surface expression in plate tectonics, the generation of magmas, volcanism and rock formation. However, modern geophysics organizations use a broader definition that includes the water cycle including snow and ice; fluid dynamics of the oceans and the atmosphere; electricity and magnetism in the ionosphere and magnetosphere and solar-terrestrial relations; and analogous problems associated with the Moon and other planets.Although geophysics was only recognized as a separate discipline in the 19th century, its origins go back to ancient times. The first magnetic compasses were made from lodestones, while more modern magnetic compasses played an important role in the history of navigation. The first seismic instrument was built in 132 BC. Isaac Newton applied his theory of mechanics to the tides and the precession of the equinox; and instruments were developed to measure the Earth's shape, density and gravity field, as well as the components of the water cycle. In the 20th century, geophysical methods were developed for remote exploration of the solid Earth and the ocean, and geophysics played an essential role in the development of the theory of plate tectonics.Geophysics is applied to societal needs, such as mineral resources, mitigation of natural hazards and environmental protection. Geophysical survey data are used to analyze potential petroleum reservoirs and mineral deposits, locate groundwater, find archaeological relics, determine the thickness of glaciers and soils, and assess sites for environmental remediation.