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Management of Ear, Hearing and Balance Disorders: Fact, Fiction
Management of Ear, Hearing and Balance Disorders: Fact, Fiction

... Future: direct auditory stimulation of auditory cortex, repetitive transmagnetic stimulation, tinnitus retraining therapy ...
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Tetrapods

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The Inner Ear – Structure and Function

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Exam 3 Sample 2003
Exam 3 Sample 2003

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senses - Greer Middle College
senses - Greer Middle College

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Chordates - LBHS Biology | The study of life

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Module 10

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the auditory system

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Chordate Test Review Pre AP

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Hearing Conservation

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hearing loss in older adults
hearing loss in older adults

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II. Hearing

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Mammals starts with?

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PSY 342: Review for Exam 3 Chapter 11: Sound and the Auditory

... Human hearing range is 20-20,000 Hertz Ear structures (outer, middle and inner ear) Outer ear: pinna and auditory canal (protects tympanic membrane or ear drum) Middle ear: tympanic membrane and three ossicles (malleus, incus, stapes) amplify vibrations Inner ear: Cochlea which contains the Organ of ...
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF THE EAR
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF THE EAR

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1145010Module Hearing 08JS

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Evolution of mammalian auditory ossicles

The evolution of mammalian auditory ossicles is one of the most well-documented and important evolutionary events, demonstrating both numerous transitional forms as well as an excellent example of exaptation, the re-purposing of existing structures during evolution.In reptiles, the eardrum is connected to the inner ear via a single bone, the columella, while the upper and lower jaws contain several bones not found in mammals. Over the course of the evolution of mammals, one lower and one upper jaw bone (the articular and quadrate) lost their purpose in the jaw joint and were put to new use in the middle ear, connecting to the stapes and forming a chain of three bones (collectively called the ossicles) which transmit sounds more efficiently and allow more acute hearing. In mammals, these three bones are known as the malleus, incus, and stapes (hammer, anvil, and stirrup respectively).The evidence that the malleus and incus are homologous to the reptilian articular and quadrate was originally embryological, and since this discovery an abundance of transitional fossils has both supported the conclusion and given a detailed history of the transition. The evolution of the stapes was an earlier and distinct event.
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