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TEM - UiO
TEM - UiO

... A diffraction pattern is always formed at the back focal plane of the objective (even in OM). To view this diffraction pattern one has to change the excitation of the intermediate lens. A higher strength projects the specimen image on the screen, a lower strength project the DP. The optical system o ...
Superresolution in total internal reflection tomography
Superresolution in total internal reflection tomography

PII: 0030-4018(95)00743-1
PII: 0030-4018(95)00743-1

A high resolution ion microscope for cold atoms
A high resolution ion microscope for cold atoms

... on a camera. However, the cloud is destroyed by this method. The destruction can be suppressed when using the related method of phase contrast imaging, allowing to image the same cloud several times [6], yet at a reduced contrast. For non-destructive imaging of dilute samples with single atom sensit ...
Mindfiesta Page 1 CHAPTER – 10 WAVE OPTICS EXPERTS TIPS
Mindfiesta Page 1 CHAPTER – 10 WAVE OPTICS EXPERTS TIPS

LABORATORY TECHNIQUES
LABORATORY TECHNIQUES

Technical Information on Optics
Technical Information on Optics

Geometrical Optics and Lenses
Geometrical Optics and Lenses

“Beam Paths” to the “Microscope”
“Beam Paths” to the “Microscope”

Transfer of orbital angular momentum on a macroscopic object
Transfer of orbital angular momentum on a macroscopic object

... satellite communications), because the far field radiation pattern in front of the antennas has a circular polarization. The turnstile antenna is also used in broadcast applications, where there is a need for horizontal (linear) polarization with uniform (isotropic) radiation pattern around the ante ...
Generation of a dark hollow beam by a four
Generation of a dark hollow beam by a four

Wave Optics
Wave Optics

... Young’s Double-Slit Experiment Conditions for dark and bright fringes: ...
Wave Optics
Wave Optics

... Young’s Double-Slit Experiment Conditions for dark and bright fringes: ...
Apparatus and method for producing holograms with acoustic waves
Apparatus and method for producing holograms with acoustic waves

... Referring now to FIGURE 3, the spatial frequency ?ected from the object. The output of the microphone on line 15 is ampli?ed ‘by ampli?er 16 and ?ltered by narrow f0 of acoustic waves incident on detection plane D'— D’ at the angle 6 is representable as in = l/Ao sin '7 band ?lter 17. The center fre ...
Aberration-Free Ultrathin Flat Lenses and Axicons at Telecom
Aberration-Free Ultrathin Flat Lenses and Axicons at Telecom

... Figure 1. Schematic showing the design of flat lenses and axicons. In order to focus a plane wave to a single point at distance f from the metasurface, a hyperboloidal phase profile must be imparted onto the incident wavefront. (a) The phase shift at a point PL on the lens surface is proportional to t ...
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Document

University of Groningen Unraveling structure and dynamics by
University of Groningen Unraveling structure and dynamics by

three-dimensional solutions in media with spatial dependence of
three-dimensional solutions in media with spatial dependence of

... focusing regime of propagation optical rings, can be generated but they are modulationally unstable [13,14]. One alternative way of stabilizing optical vortices in 2D and 3D case, using saturable [15, 16] or cubic–quintic [17, 18] nonlinearity, was also discussed. On the other hand, the experiments ...
Advances in Environmental Biology
Advances in Environmental Biology

... (FDTD) and finite element (FEM) techniques can be mentioned. FDTD method is a high-resolution code which is performed in time domain. Time consuming and instability are regarded as the most important disadvantages of this numerical technique. Moreover, it is required to mesh the simulation space as ...
Depth Estimation and Focus Recovery
Depth Estimation and Focus Recovery

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- Europhysics News

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Chapter 8: Major Elements
Chapter 8: Major Elements

POLARIZATION OF LIGHT
POLARIZATION OF LIGHT

... In addition, a extraordinary ray does not lie, as a rule, in the same plane as an incident ray and a normal to the refracting surface. Examples of uniaxial crystals are Iceland spar, quartz, and tourmaline. In biaxial crystals (mica, gypsum), both rays are extraordinary - the refracting indices for ...
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image

... number (ε «1 rad). The range of validity of this approximation typically extends up to ~10-30 degrees, depending on the desired degree of accuracy. This regime is also known as “Gaussian optics” or ...
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Fourier optics

Fourier optics is the study of classical optics using Fourier transforms, in which the wave is regarded as a superposition of plane waves that are not related to any identifiable sources; instead they are the natural modes of the propagation medium itself. Fourier optics can be seen as the dual of the Huygens–Fresnel principle, in which the wave is regarded as a superposition of expanding spherical waves which radiate outward from actual (physically identifiable) current sources via a Green's function relationship (see Double-slit experiment)A curved phasefront may be synthesized from an infinite number of these ""natural modes"" i.e., from plane wave phasefronts oriented in different directions in space. Far from its sources, an expanding spherical wave is locally tangent to a planar phase front (a single plane wave out of the infinite spectrum), which is transverse to the radial direction of propagation. In this case, a Fraunhofer diffraction pattern is created, which emanates from a single spherical wave phase center. In the near field, no single well-defined spherical wave phase center exists, so the wavefront isn't locally tangent to a spherical ball. In this case, a Fresnel diffraction pattern would be created, which emanates from an extended source, consisting of a distribution of (physically identifiable) spherical wave sources in space. In the near field, a full spectrum of plane waves is necessary to represent the Fresnel near-field wave, even locally. A ""wide"" wave moving forward (like an expanding ocean wave coming toward the shore) can be regarded as an infinite number of ""plane wave modes"", all of which could (when they collide with something in the way) scatter independently of one other. These mathematical simplifications and calculations are the realm of Fourier analysis and synthesis – together, they can describe what happens when light passes through various slits, lenses or mirrors curved one way or the other, or is fully or partially reflected. Fourier optics forms much of the theory behind image processing techniques, as well as finding applications where information needs to be extracted from optical sources such as in quantum optics. To put it in a slightly more complex way, similar to the concept of frequency and time used in traditional Fourier transform theory, Fourier optics makes use of the spatial frequency domain (kx, ky) as the conjugate of the spatial (x,y) domain. Terms and concepts such as transform theory, spectrum, bandwidth, window functions and sampling from one-dimensional signal processing are commonly used.
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