Lesson element
... A series of chemical reactions which break down the glucose molecule C6H12O6 into two pyruvate molecules. The formula for pyruvate is C3H4O3. It does not require oxygen and does not release carbon dioxide; it does produce sufficient energy to make two ATP molecules per glucose molecule. Any chemical ...
... A series of chemical reactions which break down the glucose molecule C6H12O6 into two pyruvate molecules. The formula for pyruvate is C3H4O3. It does not require oxygen and does not release carbon dioxide; it does produce sufficient energy to make two ATP molecules per glucose molecule. Any chemical ...
metabolism - Websupport1
... down and used as a source of energy or it can be converted to glycogen and stored for later use or it can be converted into other organic molecules such as ribose or glycerole. If the cell requires immediate energy, then glucose (a 6-carbon molecule) is broken down into two 3-carbon molecules of pyr ...
... down and used as a source of energy or it can be converted to glycogen and stored for later use or it can be converted into other organic molecules such as ribose or glycerole. If the cell requires immediate energy, then glucose (a 6-carbon molecule) is broken down into two 3-carbon molecules of pyr ...
PDHPE Teacher Sheet (1.7 MB)
... ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS POSED DURING THE UNE VISIT Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is required to perform any form of muscular contraction. Muscle cells only store enough ATP to generate 2-4 seconds worth of high-intensity exercise, therefore ATP must be continuously resynthesised via one of three pathwa ...
... ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS POSED DURING THE UNE VISIT Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is required to perform any form of muscular contraction. Muscle cells only store enough ATP to generate 2-4 seconds worth of high-intensity exercise, therefore ATP must be continuously resynthesised via one of three pathwa ...
Teaching metabolic pathways
... energy required by the anabolic pathways for the work of biosynthesis. Thus, it is important to analyse pathways in terms of their energy inputs and outputs. Energy released by the catabolic pathways is usually conserved in the phosphoanhydride bonds of ATP. Energy required by the anabolic pathways ...
... energy required by the anabolic pathways for the work of biosynthesis. Thus, it is important to analyse pathways in terms of their energy inputs and outputs. Energy released by the catabolic pathways is usually conserved in the phosphoanhydride bonds of ATP. Energy required by the anabolic pathways ...
Lecture 19 TCA Cycle 1. How pyruvate is converted to acetyl
... Answer: The pyruvic molecules formed in glycolosis enter the mitochondria, where they are converted to acetyl coenzyme A (acetyl CoA). In this complex series of reactions, pyruvate undergoes oxidative decarboxylation. First, a carboxyl group is removed as carbon dioxide, which diffuses out of the ce ...
... Answer: The pyruvic molecules formed in glycolosis enter the mitochondria, where they are converted to acetyl coenzyme A (acetyl CoA). In this complex series of reactions, pyruvate undergoes oxidative decarboxylation. First, a carboxyl group is removed as carbon dioxide, which diffuses out of the ce ...
清华大学本科生考试试题专用纸
... 24. Which of the following statements about E. coli promoters are correct? (2 points) A. They may exhibit different transcription efficiencies. B. For most genes they include variants of consensus sequences. C. They specify the start sites for transcription on the DNA template. D. They have identica ...
... 24. Which of the following statements about E. coli promoters are correct? (2 points) A. They may exhibit different transcription efficiencies. B. For most genes they include variants of consensus sequences. C. They specify the start sites for transcription on the DNA template. D. They have identica ...
1. Fatty acids are broken down by the ß
... Carnitine acyltransferase I is inhibited by malonyl CoA, preventing the breakdown of freshly synthesized fatty acids. ...
... Carnitine acyltransferase I is inhibited by malonyl CoA, preventing the breakdown of freshly synthesized fatty acids. ...
File
... mitochondria use oxygen; chloroplasts produce oxygen; mitochondria are always active / respiration continues independently of light; chloroplasts are inactive in dark / photosynthesis does not take place without light; oxygen released by, chloroplasts / photosynthesis, can be utilised by mitochondri ...
... mitochondria use oxygen; chloroplasts produce oxygen; mitochondria are always active / respiration continues independently of light; chloroplasts are inactive in dark / photosynthesis does not take place without light; oxygen released by, chloroplasts / photosynthesis, can be utilised by mitochondri ...
Lecture 3: Glycolysis Part 2 - University of California, Berkeley
... reaction. The oxidation is on the carbon. This is aided by the abstraction of the proton on the -OH group, ending up with a thioester. Thioesters. The hydrolysis of thioesters is much more strongly downhill than the hydrolysis of simple esters. Oxygen-based esters like this give resonance stabilizat ...
... reaction. The oxidation is on the carbon. This is aided by the abstraction of the proton on the -OH group, ending up with a thioester. Thioesters. The hydrolysis of thioesters is much more strongly downhill than the hydrolysis of simple esters. Oxygen-based esters like this give resonance stabilizat ...
Answers set 7
... If cytoplasmic malic enzyme converts malate to pyruvate in order to generate NADPH, how does the TCA cycle in the mitochondrion get more oxaloacetate to sustain the TCA cycle? When there is sufficient glucose in the cell to supply NADPH by the pentose phosphate cycle, oxaloacetate returns to the mit ...
... If cytoplasmic malic enzyme converts malate to pyruvate in order to generate NADPH, how does the TCA cycle in the mitochondrion get more oxaloacetate to sustain the TCA cycle? When there is sufficient glucose in the cell to supply NADPH by the pentose phosphate cycle, oxaloacetate returns to the mit ...
An overview of biochemistry for bioCHEM480
... cells is through redox reactions (i.e. electron flow) Oxidation reactions (involving release of electrons) are nearly always exothermic/exogonic whereas reduction reactions (involving acceptance of electrons) are nearly always endothermic/endogonic. Thus food (carbohydrates, fats/oils and proteins) ...
... cells is through redox reactions (i.e. electron flow) Oxidation reactions (involving release of electrons) are nearly always exothermic/exogonic whereas reduction reactions (involving acceptance of electrons) are nearly always endothermic/endogonic. Thus food (carbohydrates, fats/oils and proteins) ...
Slide 1
... aerobic respiration. 2. Draw a diagram of the mitochondria and label the parts. 3. Explain why it is possible that the products of anaerobic respiration in animal and plant cells results in different products even though they both start with Pyruvate. 4. Define cell respiration. 5. List the differen ...
... aerobic respiration. 2. Draw a diagram of the mitochondria and label the parts. 3. Explain why it is possible that the products of anaerobic respiration in animal and plant cells results in different products even though they both start with Pyruvate. 4. Define cell respiration. 5. List the differen ...
Physiology of Fitness
... describes and explains the body’s energy systems to a football coach. 1. What are the differences between the 3 energy systems? 2. List one advantage and one disadvantage of each of the 3 energy systems. 3. Give an example of three activities or sports that use each of (a) the creatine phosphate sys ...
... describes and explains the body’s energy systems to a football coach. 1. What are the differences between the 3 energy systems? 2. List one advantage and one disadvantage of each of the 3 energy systems. 3. Give an example of three activities or sports that use each of (a) the creatine phosphate sys ...
Chapter 11
... 23-10 Voet & Voet). Furthermore the oxidation of certain amino acids (those with branched chains) also pass electrons to ETF dehydrogenase while the oxidation of compounds such as sarcosine and dimethylglycine is catalyzed by enzymes somewhat similar to succinic dehydrogenase. The presumed mechanism ...
... 23-10 Voet & Voet). Furthermore the oxidation of certain amino acids (those with branched chains) also pass electrons to ETF dehydrogenase while the oxidation of compounds such as sarcosine and dimethylglycine is catalyzed by enzymes somewhat similar to succinic dehydrogenase. The presumed mechanism ...
RACC BIO Cellular respiration
... 2 molecules per glucose) This will cycle twice because 2 pyruvate molecules are formed during glycolysis ...
... 2 molecules per glucose) This will cycle twice because 2 pyruvate molecules are formed during glycolysis ...
1.0 amino acids as units of protein structure
... for some cells (such as erythrocytes and sperm cells), glucose is the only source of metabolic energy. In addition, the product of glycolysis—pyruvate—is a versatile metabolite that can be used in several ways. ...
... for some cells (such as erythrocytes and sperm cells), glucose is the only source of metabolic energy. In addition, the product of glycolysis—pyruvate—is a versatile metabolite that can be used in several ways. ...
Cellular Respiration
... State and explain the chemical equation for cellular respiration. Define oxidation and reduction and explain the idea of redox reactions. Explain the use of NAD+ as a coenzyme. Explain the electron transport chain (ETC). Name the 3 major stages of cell respiration, along with their locations. Explai ...
... State and explain the chemical equation for cellular respiration. Define oxidation and reduction and explain the idea of redox reactions. Explain the use of NAD+ as a coenzyme. Explain the electron transport chain (ETC). Name the 3 major stages of cell respiration, along with their locations. Explai ...
Universal Kinase and GTPase Assays
... a phosphorylated product to an immobilized metal ion or antibody; such assays are not ideal because they use multiple reagents, employ indirect measurements, require the presence of the kinase’s substrate that is to be phosphorylated, and can produce artifactual measurements because they only provid ...
... a phosphorylated product to an immobilized metal ion or antibody; such assays are not ideal because they use multiple reagents, employ indirect measurements, require the presence of the kinase’s substrate that is to be phosphorylated, and can produce artifactual measurements because they only provid ...
RTRI Cellular Respiration
... Cells obtain the energy they require from anaerobic or aerobic respiration. It has been postulated that tumour cells rely on anaerobic respiration even in the presence of oxygen and that this is due to some impairment of the mitochondria in these cells. One opportunity for fighting cancer may therefo ...
... Cells obtain the energy they require from anaerobic or aerobic respiration. It has been postulated that tumour cells rely on anaerobic respiration even in the presence of oxygen and that this is due to some impairment of the mitochondria in these cells. One opportunity for fighting cancer may therefo ...
BIS103-002 (Spring 2008) - UC Davis Plant Sciences
... a) When a dog confronts a “fight-or-flight” situation, the release of epinephrine promotes glycogen breakdown in the liver and skeletal muscle. The end product of glycogen breakdown in the liver is glucose; however, the end product in skeletal muscle is pyruvate, which then enters the mitochondria. ...
... a) When a dog confronts a “fight-or-flight” situation, the release of epinephrine promotes glycogen breakdown in the liver and skeletal muscle. The end product of glycogen breakdown in the liver is glucose; however, the end product in skeletal muscle is pyruvate, which then enters the mitochondria. ...
lecture9
... Because glycolysis produces two pyruvate molecules from one glucose, each glucose is processes through the kreb cycle twice. For each molecule of glucose, six NADH2+, two FADH2, and two ATP. ...
... Because glycolysis produces two pyruvate molecules from one glucose, each glucose is processes through the kreb cycle twice. For each molecule of glucose, six NADH2+, two FADH2, and two ATP. ...
Regulation of Glycolysis - Valdosta State University
... – Protein has regulatory site • Competition between glucose and fructose 6-phosphate – Glucose stimulates release of hexokinase IV into cytoplasm – Fructose 6-phosphate inhibits this process • Hexokinase IV not affected by glucose 6phosphate as the other isozymes are ...
... – Protein has regulatory site • Competition between glucose and fructose 6-phosphate – Glucose stimulates release of hexokinase IV into cytoplasm – Fructose 6-phosphate inhibits this process • Hexokinase IV not affected by glucose 6phosphate as the other isozymes are ...
Chapter 4
... presence of catalysts, favorable temperature, and presence of substrates are maintained. As a given enzyme can both synthesize and degrade, both processes will continue even at equilibrium. D is incorrect because at equilibrium there is no net change in amounts, but it is not necessary for concentra ...
... presence of catalysts, favorable temperature, and presence of substrates are maintained. As a given enzyme can both synthesize and degrade, both processes will continue even at equilibrium. D is incorrect because at equilibrium there is no net change in amounts, but it is not necessary for concentra ...
Adenosine triphosphate
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is a nucleoside triphosphate used in cells as a coenzyme often called the ""molecular unit of currency"" of intracellular energy transfer.ATP transports chemical energy within cells for metabolism. It is one of the end products of photophosphorylation, cellular respiration, and fermentation and used by enzymes and structural proteins in many cellular processes, including biosynthetic reactions, motility, and cell division. One molecule of ATP contains three phosphate groups, and it is produced by a wide variety of enzymes, including ATP synthase, from adenosine diphosphate (ADP) or adenosine monophosphate (AMP) and various phosphate group donors. Substrate-level phosphorylation, oxidative phosphorylation in cellular respiration, and photophosphorylation in photosynthesis are three major mechanisms of ATP biosynthesis.Metabolic processes that use ATP as an energy source convert it back into its precursors. ATP is therefore continuously recycled in organisms: the human body, which on average contains only 250 grams (8.8 oz) of ATP, turns over its own body weight equivalent in ATP each day.ATP is used as a substrate in signal transduction pathways by kinases that phosphorylate proteins and lipids. It is also used by adenylate cyclase, which uses ATP to produce the second messenger molecule cyclic AMP. The ratio between ATP and AMP is used as a way for a cell to sense how much energy is available and control the metabolic pathways that produce and consume ATP. Apart from its roles in signaling and energy metabolism, ATP is also incorporated into nucleic acids by polymerases in the process of transcription. ATP is the neurotransmitter believed to signal the sense of taste.The structure of this molecule consists of a purine base (adenine) attached by the 9' nitrogen atom to the 1' carbon atom of a pentose sugar (ribose). Three phosphate groups are attached at the 5' carbon atom of the pentose sugar. It is the addition and removal of these phosphate groups that inter-convert ATP, ADP and AMP. When ATP is used in DNA synthesis, the ribose sugar is first converted to deoxyribose by ribonucleotide reductase.ATP was discovered in 1929 by Karl Lohmann, and independently by Cyrus Fiske and Yellapragada Subbarow of Harvard Medical School, but its correct structure was not determined until some years later. It was proposed to be the intermediary molecule between energy-yielding and energy-requiring reactions in cells by Fritz Albert Lipmann in 1941. It was first artificially synthesized by Alexander Todd in 1948.