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HIV-AIDS Workplace programme for national personnel
HIV-AIDS Workplace programme for national personnel

... In the case of HIV/AIDS, we are confronted with a special degree of stigmatisation of and discrimination against those affected and their environment. This is because the mains forms of transmission (sexual intercourse, illegal use of drugs) and the (despite treatment) deadly outcome are surrounded ...
How is MRSA Spread in Healthcare Settings?
How is MRSA Spread in Healthcare Settings?

... disinfectants effectively removes MRSA from the environment. list of EPA-registered products effective against MRSA  Read the instruction labels on all cleaners/disinfectants to ensure they are used safely and appropriately. Follow directions for dilution and contact time.  Clean and allow to dry ...
Preparing for the next flu pandemic: from SARS to avian flu
Preparing for the next flu pandemic: from SARS to avian flu

... flow chart (Fig. 1) has been set up in China, which will be made available in all medium and large cities, and a number of small cities.(17) In addition to monitoring body temperature using infrared acquisition, an earlier screening of nasopharyngeal inflammation was developed using thermographic te ...
Pneumonitis due to Cytomegalovirus During Chronic Methotrexate
Pneumonitis due to Cytomegalovirus During Chronic Methotrexate

... infectious processes, pulmonary fibrosis, infiltrative processes, etc.7 Regarding the association between development of infectious processes and methotrexate, it has been demonstrated that there is an increased risk of developing infections due to common microorganisms, larger than that with any ot ...
Myxomatosis, an important disease
Myxomatosis, an important disease

... which transmits the disease in this country is the rabbit flea which is frequently found on wild rabbits, although is less common on pet rabbits. In other countries, including some in Europe, it is known that mosquitoes are a major insect vector of myxomatosis. Although this has never been proven in ...
Genital Herpes: Gynaecological Aspects
Genital Herpes: Gynaecological Aspects

... According to a US study, risk factors for having genital herpes infection,(HSV-2 primarily) include higher number of sexual partners, a prior history of any sexually transmitted infection, including HIV, a history of a genital lesion in self or partner, non-Caucasian race, female gender, increasing ...
Chapter_007
Chapter_007

... Identify the effects of TORCH infections on pregnancy and the fetus. Describe the health consequences (e.g., ectopic pregnancy, infertility) for women who are infected with reproductive tract infections. Review principles of infection control for HIV and blood-borne pathogens. Copyright © 2016 by El ...
diseases of military importance
diseases of military importance

... • Since the carrier is infected but is not sick, the carrier often goes undiscovered as a source of disease or else is discovered only through very thorough clinical or laboratory procedures. c. The Spectrum of Infection. When an infectious agent strikes a community or military unit, its presence qu ...
The Future is Nauseous: Salmonellosis in a Warmer and
The Future is Nauseous: Salmonellosis in a Warmer and

... Broad consensus across a variety of sources is that Southern New England will experience an increase in temperature, humidity, and rainfall, though the latter is predominantly during the winter months, and may even decrease during the summer. The results presented here indicate that the future of ga ...
Human genetic susceptibility to infectious disease
Human genetic susceptibility to infectious disease

... genes, typically in unrelated case and control individuals. The degree of replication between candidate-gene studies is frequently poor. This can be due to various factors, such as small sample sizes (and hence inadequate study power), unidentified population stratification or a failure to correct f ...
Lysosomal Storage Diseases and Enzyme Replacement
Lysosomal Storage Diseases and Enzyme Replacement

... from amino acids, an enzyme is a catalyst — it makes a specific action happen in the body. There are three categories of enzymes: food enzymes, which are derived from raw foods and initiate the ...
Spotted fever group
Spotted fever group

... • Insects are thought to be the vectors in human disease • Some species infect erythrocytes other attach to cells ...
Spatial and Temporal distribution of Waterborne Diseases in
Spatial and Temporal distribution of Waterborne Diseases in

... The purpose of this study was to investigate the spatial and temporal distribution of waterborne diseases in Namanyonyi Sub County. Retrospective records from Namanyonyi Health Centre III were reviewed to determine the prevalence of waterborne diseases from January to December 20102014. Data was ana ...
Enteric Bacilli
Enteric Bacilli

... salmonellosis, which are the vast majority, antibiotic therapy is not useful. S. cholerae-suis (seen much less commonly) causes septicemia after invasion. In this case, antibiotic therapy is required. .  The severest form of salmonella infections "typhoid" (enteric fever), caused by Salmonella typh ...
Ebola Virus Disease: Prevention and Control Measures for
Ebola Virus Disease: Prevention and Control Measures for

... transmission of the disease through contact and droplets, the CINQ recommends more important measures to take into account possible airborne transmission, significant environmental contamination by blood, body fluids, secretions or excretions, and high Ebola virus disease fatality. Hospitals must im ...
Chapter 18
Chapter 18

... • All pathogenic strains form large capsules – major virulence factor • Specific soluble substance (SSS) varies among types • 90 different capsular types have been identified • Causes pneumonia and otitis media ...
View/Open
View/Open

... compared to the same period of previous year. For the above reasons, we believe that further studies are warranted to investigate the relation between viral infection and bacterial ARI, and the interaction among different respiratory viruses, and to elucidate seasonal patterns and annual variations ...
Plague
Plague

... Reservoirs of Y.pestis are maintained in wild rodent species, and plague is most commonly transmitted to man by the bite of an infected flea. Where this is the route of transmission, the syndrome which develops in the man is bubonic plague which entails the development of grossly-enlarged lymph node ...
Global ART scale-up
Global ART scale-up

... viral load] could be addressed with a population-based survey in a clearly defined target population of all people in a community, including those with and without known HIV infection” ...
CPG on Acute Gastroenteritis
CPG on Acute Gastroenteritis

... Patient Education Many diarrheal diseases can be prevented by following simple rules of personal hygiene and safe food preparation. Hand-washing with soap is an effective step in preventing spread of illness and should be emphasized for caregivers of persons with diarrheal illnesses. As noted above ...
Symposium: Nutrition and Infection, Prologue and Progress Since
Symposium: Nutrition and Infection, Prologue and Progress Since

... exposure to infection (as occurs in malnourished children in developing countries) was not sufficient to fully reverse the cycle, and that greater attention to the reduction of infection was necessary if clinical responses were to be improved and mortality rates diminished. This was because infectio ...
On the Role of Variable Latent Periods in Mathematical Models for
On the Role of Variable Latent Periods in Mathematical Models for

... disease (Smith and Moss, 1994). Most people are assumed to mount an effective immune response to the initial infection that limits proliferation of the bacilli and may lead to long-lasting partial immunity both to further infection and to reactivation of latent bacilli remaining from the original in ...
Pathology Test 2 Review
Pathology Test 2 Review

... Differentiation: refers to the extent to which parenchymal cells resemble their normal forebears both in morphology and function. Teratoma: contains recognizable mature or immature cells or tissues representative of more than one germ-cell layer and sometimes all 3; originates from totipotential cel ...
Salmonella
Salmonella

... correct name for S. typhi is S. enterica, serovar. Typhi or S. Typhi. They can be identified by biochemical tests and serogrouping, with follow-up serotyping confirmation. ...
1 General microbiology
1 General microbiology

... C The disease wasn't caused by haemolytic streptococcus D The whole serum dose may be injected intravenously E The child has very weak immune system ...
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Transmission (medicine)

In medicine and biology, transmission is the passing of a communicable disease from an infected host individual or group to a particular individual or group, regardless of whether the other individual was previously infected.The term usually refers to the transmission of microorganisms directly from one individual to another by one or more of the following means: droplet contact – coughing or sneezing on another individual direct physical contact – touching an infected individual, including sexual contact indirect physical contact – usually by touching soil contamination or a contaminated surface (fomite) airborne transmission – if the microorganism can remain in the air for long periods fecal-oral transmission – usually from unwashed hands, contaminated food or water sources due to lack of sanitation and hygiene, an important transmission route in pediatrics, veterinary medicine and developing countries.Transmission can also be indirect, via another organism, either a vector (e.g. a mosquito or fly) or an intermediate host (e.g. tapeworm in pigs can be transmitted to humans who ingest improperly cooked pork). Indirect transmission could involve zoonoses or, more typically, larger pathogens like macroparasites with more complex life cycles.
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