No Slide Title - University of Nottingham
... Variable regions is likely to be only one factor controlling the immunogenicity of therapeutic antibodies. However it is the final sequence of the antibodies which matters and not the route by which they were made. For example it is possible to come up with alternative humanised sequences for the sa ...
... Variable regions is likely to be only one factor controlling the immunogenicity of therapeutic antibodies. However it is the final sequence of the antibodies which matters and not the route by which they were made. For example it is possible to come up with alternative humanised sequences for the sa ...
Enhanced anti-tumor immune responses and delay of tumor development in human
... Full list of author information is available at the end of the article ...
... Full list of author information is available at the end of the article ...
Antigen processing and presentation
... possibly due to the presence of ER aminopeptidase (ERAAP) associated with Figure 1. The MHC class I antigen-presentation pathway antigen processing. It should be noted that 30–70% of proteins are immediately degraded after synthesis (they are called DRiPs – defective ribosomal products, and they are ...
... possibly due to the presence of ER aminopeptidase (ERAAP) associated with Figure 1. The MHC class I antigen-presentation pathway antigen processing. It should be noted that 30–70% of proteins are immediately degraded after synthesis (they are called DRiPs – defective ribosomal products, and they are ...
Paper 1
... Oncolytic viruses therapy Oncolytic virus immunotherapy represents a novel form of cancer therapy that employs native or engineered viruses that selectively replicate in and kill cancer cells [27]. Oncolytic viruses are believed to promote antitumor responses mainly through two distinct mechanisms o ...
... Oncolytic viruses therapy Oncolytic virus immunotherapy represents a novel form of cancer therapy that employs native or engineered viruses that selectively replicate in and kill cancer cells [27]. Oncolytic viruses are believed to promote antitumor responses mainly through two distinct mechanisms o ...
Dissecting the human immunologic memory for pathogens
... T and B-cell areas, where activated T cells, which have been primed by antigen-presenting DCs, encounter antigen-specific B cells that have captured and processed native antigens. The cognate T–B interaction leads to the expansion of antigenspecific B cells and to their differentiation into short-li ...
... T and B-cell areas, where activated T cells, which have been primed by antigen-presenting DCs, encounter antigen-specific B cells that have captured and processed native antigens. The cognate T–B interaction leads to the expansion of antigenspecific B cells and to their differentiation into short-li ...
1 ANTITUMOR IMMUNITY AND THE ROLE OF IMMUNUNE
... most tumors express class I Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) antigens and not MHC class II antigens. This characteristic is significant because CTLs recognize peptide antigens presented by tumors on MHC class I molecules. If certain antigens are presented to CTLs on MHC I, then CTLs will direc ...
... most tumors express class I Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) antigens and not MHC class II antigens. This characteristic is significant because CTLs recognize peptide antigens presented by tumors on MHC class I molecules. If certain antigens are presented to CTLs on MHC I, then CTLs will direc ...
Immunology taught by bacteria.
... Certainly, the ensuing two decades of work in innate immunity, including the discovery of Toll-like and other innate receptors, has demonstrated how immunology can learn from microbiology. Although viruses may be great teachers, they are also pedagogically problematic in many ways. Since viruses are ...
... Certainly, the ensuing two decades of work in innate immunity, including the discovery of Toll-like and other innate receptors, has demonstrated how immunology can learn from microbiology. Although viruses may be great teachers, they are also pedagogically problematic in many ways. Since viruses are ...
Spleen
... the marginal sinus. In mice, both types of macrophages can be distinguished by specific monoclonal antibodies. In rats, such a distinction is not possible up to now. A characteristic feature of MZ macrophages and marginal metallophilic macrophages in rats is that these cells strongly express a cell s ...
... the marginal sinus. In mice, both types of macrophages can be distinguished by specific monoclonal antibodies. In rats, such a distinction is not possible up to now. A characteristic feature of MZ macrophages and marginal metallophilic macrophages in rats is that these cells strongly express a cell s ...
Toll-Like Receptor 4 in Ventilator
... Toll like receptors (TLRs) recognize pathogens and generate an immediate defense response by inducing the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, which rapidly destroy or limit the pathogens (1). In their bridging role, TLR downstream signals link innate and adaptive immunity, particularly by medi ...
... Toll like receptors (TLRs) recognize pathogens and generate an immediate defense response by inducing the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, which rapidly destroy or limit the pathogens (1). In their bridging role, TLR downstream signals link innate and adaptive immunity, particularly by medi ...
Enhanced Respiratory Syncytial Virus disease following natural
... recently bacterial and viral infections (2,10). Tregs can be both beneficial and detrimental to the ...
... recently bacterial and viral infections (2,10). Tregs can be both beneficial and detrimental to the ...
Review of Literature
... megacolon and other neurological problems (Phalipon and Sansonetti, 2007). The persons infected with S. flexneri subsequently develop pain in their joints, irritation of the eyes and painful urination. This condition is called Reiter’s syndrome. It is the late complication of S. flexneri infection a ...
... megacolon and other neurological problems (Phalipon and Sansonetti, 2007). The persons infected with S. flexneri subsequently develop pain in their joints, irritation of the eyes and painful urination. This condition is called Reiter’s syndrome. It is the late complication of S. flexneri infection a ...
Vaccine development strategies Plasmodium falciparum
... together with IgM the major membrane-bound immunoglobulin, but while no biological effector function has been identified for IgD, IgM plays an active role in the immune defense and is the first antibody class produced during the initial exposure to antigen (the primary response). IgE may bind to rec ...
... together with IgM the major membrane-bound immunoglobulin, but while no biological effector function has been identified for IgD, IgM plays an active role in the immune defense and is the first antibody class produced during the initial exposure to antigen (the primary response). IgE may bind to rec ...
The molecular mechanisms of TLR
... on TLR crosstalk study, with a caution against the use of multiple TLR ligands as adjuvants in therapeutic strategies. Immunology and Cell Biology advance online publication, 8 March 2016; doi:10.1038/icb.2016.18 ...
... on TLR crosstalk study, with a caution against the use of multiple TLR ligands as adjuvants in therapeutic strategies. Immunology and Cell Biology advance online publication, 8 March 2016; doi:10.1038/icb.2016.18 ...
Innate immune response in avian macrophages elicited by
... and macrophages of the avian respiratory tract, which may result in a systemic infection (Vanrompay et al., 1995). They possess a unique biphasic developmental cycle, thereby switching between a metabolically inactive, infectious state, the elementary body (EB) and a metabolically active, non-infect ...
... and macrophages of the avian respiratory tract, which may result in a systemic infection (Vanrompay et al., 1995). They possess a unique biphasic developmental cycle, thereby switching between a metabolically inactive, infectious state, the elementary body (EB) and a metabolically active, non-infect ...
Slide
... GM-CSF and followed for survival A20 bearing mice treated with Id-KLH containing insect cell-derived A20 Id displayed improved survival compared with mice treated with hybridoma-derived A20 Id-KLH (61% vs. 46%, ...
... GM-CSF and followed for survival A20 bearing mice treated with Id-KLH containing insect cell-derived A20 Id displayed improved survival compared with mice treated with hybridoma-derived A20 Id-KLH (61% vs. 46%, ...
Arachidonic acid mobilization by stimuli of the innate immune
... first. The innate or non-specific immunity is present in almost all multicellular organisms and constitutes the first line of defense against invading pathogens. The innate immune response system has the capacity to directly recognize a broad range of pathogens using a repertoire of receptors, the s ...
... first. The innate or non-specific immunity is present in almost all multicellular organisms and constitutes the first line of defense against invading pathogens. The innate immune response system has the capacity to directly recognize a broad range of pathogens using a repertoire of receptors, the s ...
antigen saturation, natural antibodies and a quantitative
... antibodies are polyreactive or polyspecific, binding to structurally different self and microbial targets as well (3,4), these targeted epitopes being mostly non‐protein molecules. The affinity of natural antibodies to monovalent glycan has been determined to be in the range of 10‐4 to 10‐6 M (5) ...
... antibodies are polyreactive or polyspecific, binding to structurally different self and microbial targets as well (3,4), these targeted epitopes being mostly non‐protein molecules. The affinity of natural antibodies to monovalent glycan has been determined to be in the range of 10‐4 to 10‐6 M (5) ...
MELATONIN AND ITS INFLUENCE ON IMMUNE SYSTEM Our
... believed that, in part, it may act to increase phagocytosis and antigen presentation (20). Indeed it was shown that treatment with melatonin enhanced antigen presentation by splenic macrophages to T cells with a concurrent increase in MHC class II expression and synthesis of the proinflammatory cyto ...
... believed that, in part, it may act to increase phagocytosis and antigen presentation (20). Indeed it was shown that treatment with melatonin enhanced antigen presentation by splenic macrophages to T cells with a concurrent increase in MHC class II expression and synthesis of the proinflammatory cyto ...
Dendritic cells in autoimmune diseases Burkhard
... they exist — are easily over-ruled and that autoimmunity can be induced when immunologically ignored autoantigens are presented in secondary lymphoid organs above a minimal concentration for a sufficient length of time. Therefore, it is conceivable that the default pathway of immune reactivity after ...
... they exist — are easily over-ruled and that autoimmunity can be induced when immunologically ignored autoantigens are presented in secondary lymphoid organs above a minimal concentration for a sufficient length of time. Therefore, it is conceivable that the default pathway of immune reactivity after ...
Immune system
The immune system is a system of many biological structures and processes within an organism that protects against disease. To function properly, an immune system must detect a wide variety of agents, known as pathogens, from viruses to parasitic worms, and distinguish them from the organism's own healthy tissue. In many species, the immune system can be classified into subsystems, such as the innate immune system versus the adaptive immune system, or humoral immunity versus cell-mediated immunity.Pathogens can rapidly evolve and adapt, and thereby avoid detection and neutralization by the immune system; however, multiple defense mechanisms have also evolved to recognize and neutralize pathogens. Even simple unicellular organisms such as bacteria possess a rudimentary immune system, in the form of enzymes that protect against bacteriophage infections. Other basic immune mechanisms evolved in ancient eukaryotes and remain in their modern descendants, such as plants and insects. These mechanisms include phagocytosis, antimicrobial peptides called defensins, and the complement system. Jawed vertebrates, including humans, have even more sophisticated defense mechanisms, including the ability to adapt over time to recognize specific pathogens more efficiently. Adaptive (or acquired) immunity creates immunological memory after an initial response to a specific pathogen, leading to an enhanced response to subsequent encounters with that same pathogen. This process of acquired immunity is the basis of vaccination.Disorders of the immune system can result in autoimmune diseases, inflammatory diseases and cancer.Immunodeficiency occurs when the immune system is less active than normal, resulting in recurring and life-threatening infections. In humans, immunodeficiency can either be the result of a genetic disease such as severe combined immunodeficiency, acquired conditions such as HIV/AIDS, or the use of immunosuppressive medication. In contrast, autoimmunity results from a hyperactive immune system attacking normal tissues as if they were foreign organisms. Common autoimmune diseases include Hashimoto's thyroiditis, rheumatoid arthritis, diabetes mellitus type 1, and systemic lupus erythematosus. Immunology covers the study of all aspects of the immune system.