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APO-4: Microbes and you: who will win the war
APO-4: Microbes and you: who will win the war

... _____ Antigen breakdown products bind major histocompatibility complexprotein and are "displayed" on B cell surface. _____ T cell secretes cytokines which stimulate B cell. _____ Antigen-antibody complex is internalized and processed. _____ Helper T cell binds antigen via its T-cell receptor. _____ ...
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Name - Fairfield Public Schools
Name - Fairfield Public Schools

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immune status of chronically transfused patients

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... B. B cells or B lymphocytes: oversee humoral immunity 1. work chiefly by secreting antibodies 2. Each B cells makes 1 specific anti 3. When a B cell encounters its triggering antigen it gives rise to many large plasma cells that produce that specific antibody. 4. Antibody structure 2 identical heavy ...
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Cells of the Immune System

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... 1. What are the major groups of pathogens? Provide examples of diseases caused by each of the groups. 2. In general, why are infectious diseases such a huge problem world wide? 3. What is the basic structure of a virus? 4. Explain the viral replication process, in generic terms. 5. Describe the host ...
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Immune system



The immune system is a system of many biological structures and processes within an organism that protects against disease. To function properly, an immune system must detect a wide variety of agents, known as pathogens, from viruses to parasitic worms, and distinguish them from the organism's own healthy tissue. In many species, the immune system can be classified into subsystems, such as the innate immune system versus the adaptive immune system, or humoral immunity versus cell-mediated immunity.Pathogens can rapidly evolve and adapt, and thereby avoid detection and neutralization by the immune system; however, multiple defense mechanisms have also evolved to recognize and neutralize pathogens. Even simple unicellular organisms such as bacteria possess a rudimentary immune system, in the form of enzymes that protect against bacteriophage infections. Other basic immune mechanisms evolved in ancient eukaryotes and remain in their modern descendants, such as plants and insects. These mechanisms include phagocytosis, antimicrobial peptides called defensins, and the complement system. Jawed vertebrates, including humans, have even more sophisticated defense mechanisms, including the ability to adapt over time to recognize specific pathogens more efficiently. Adaptive (or acquired) immunity creates immunological memory after an initial response to a specific pathogen, leading to an enhanced response to subsequent encounters with that same pathogen. This process of acquired immunity is the basis of vaccination.Disorders of the immune system can result in autoimmune diseases, inflammatory diseases and cancer.Immunodeficiency occurs when the immune system is less active than normal, resulting in recurring and life-threatening infections. In humans, immunodeficiency can either be the result of a genetic disease such as severe combined immunodeficiency, acquired conditions such as HIV/AIDS, or the use of immunosuppressive medication. In contrast, autoimmunity results from a hyperactive immune system attacking normal tissues as if they were foreign organisms. Common autoimmune diseases include Hashimoto's thyroiditis, rheumatoid arthritis, diabetes mellitus type 1, and systemic lupus erythematosus. Immunology covers the study of all aspects of the immune system.
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