General Pathology: Acute Inflammation
... Organ Transplantation • Human leukocyte antigens (HLA), a.k.a MHC proteins, are strongly antigenic • One gene is inherited from each parent for each HLA class (MHC I- A, B, C and MHC II- DP, DQ, DR) • So a cell may express up to 12 different HLA proteins • A, B and DR are the most important ...
... Organ Transplantation • Human leukocyte antigens (HLA), a.k.a MHC proteins, are strongly antigenic • One gene is inherited from each parent for each HLA class (MHC I- A, B, C and MHC II- DP, DQ, DR) • So a cell may express up to 12 different HLA proteins • A, B and DR are the most important ...
2 dent innate immunity
... moderately, even when they are needed. Thus, certain elements of the innate system can be exhausted. Nevertheless, innate immunity can provide an immediate response because its components are always present in the body. The innate immune responses are not antigen specific. It senses various „danger” ...
... moderately, even when they are needed. Thus, certain elements of the innate system can be exhausted. Nevertheless, innate immunity can provide an immediate response because its components are always present in the body. The innate immune responses are not antigen specific. It senses various „danger” ...
39_Autoimmune diseases_LA
... IgG is made against a wide range of cell-surface and intracellular self antigens that are common to many cell types. The immune complexes formed by these antigens and antibodies are deposited in various tissues, where they cause inflammatory reactions resembling type III hypersensitivity reactions. ...
... IgG is made against a wide range of cell-surface and intracellular self antigens that are common to many cell types. The immune complexes formed by these antigens and antibodies are deposited in various tissues, where they cause inflammatory reactions resembling type III hypersensitivity reactions. ...
Vaccinations - e-Bug
... prevents outbreaks of an infection. This is due to the inability for the disease to infect vaccinated individuals and through the inability for unvaccinated individuals to come into contact with the disease due to its decreased prevalence. It is important to maintain herd immunity as some people are ...
... prevents outbreaks of an infection. This is due to the inability for the disease to infect vaccinated individuals and through the inability for unvaccinated individuals to come into contact with the disease due to its decreased prevalence. It is important to maintain herd immunity as some people are ...
Lymphatic System and Body Defenses
... Immunity means resistance to disease. Body achieves immunity by non-specific and specific responses against invaders. Non-specific Response is against all invaders and consists of Physical barriers, phagocytes, interferons, complement system and inflammatory response. Specific Response is against pa ...
... Immunity means resistance to disease. Body achieves immunity by non-specific and specific responses against invaders. Non-specific Response is against all invaders and consists of Physical barriers, phagocytes, interferons, complement system and inflammatory response. Specific Response is against pa ...
cells of specific (acquired) immunity, after antigen recognition by
... cells (ICAM-1 or VCAM-1 depending on the type of phagocyte) and phagocytes pass through capillary wall into surrounding tissue. 2. Chemotaxis Phagocyte migration in the tissue is directed by concentration gradient of chemotactic factors (e.g. IL-8, leucotrien B4, C5a and C3a complement fragments, ba ...
... cells (ICAM-1 or VCAM-1 depending on the type of phagocyte) and phagocytes pass through capillary wall into surrounding tissue. 2. Chemotaxis Phagocyte migration in the tissue is directed by concentration gradient of chemotactic factors (e.g. IL-8, leucotrien B4, C5a and C3a complement fragments, ba ...
The Patented Mediator Release Test (MRT): A
... Food sensitivities can be defined as any inflammation-generating reaction against a specific food or food component that does not involve type 1 IgE-mediated hypersensitivity or food-related autoimmunity. The inflammatory process associated with food sensitivities is significantly more complex tha ...
... Food sensitivities can be defined as any inflammation-generating reaction against a specific food or food component that does not involve type 1 IgE-mediated hypersensitivity or food-related autoimmunity. The inflammatory process associated with food sensitivities is significantly more complex tha ...
Poster
... thought to be an autoimmune disease in which T cells attack and destroy the myelin sheath surrounding neurons. Demyelinated neurons have a reduced capacity to transmit electrical impulses, causing symptoms from loss of muscle control to memory loss. One protein thought to play a role in MS, is B7-2, ...
... thought to be an autoimmune disease in which T cells attack and destroy the myelin sheath surrounding neurons. Demyelinated neurons have a reduced capacity to transmit electrical impulses, causing symptoms from loss of muscle control to memory loss. One protein thought to play a role in MS, is B7-2, ...
Immune Response 101
... become memory B cells and plasma cells, now able to secrete antibodies. 4. B cell makes lots of microbe-specific antibodies a. The plasma cells are antibody-making machines, and start secreting tons of microbe-specific antibody. b. IgG antibodies are found in blood and tissue fluids. IgA antibodies ...
... become memory B cells and plasma cells, now able to secrete antibodies. 4. B cell makes lots of microbe-specific antibodies a. The plasma cells are antibody-making machines, and start secreting tons of microbe-specific antibody. b. IgG antibodies are found in blood and tissue fluids. IgA antibodies ...
What Causes Disease? How Does the Immune System Protect the
... Method of Entry - The way or place in which organisms, including infectious agents, enter the host’s body. ...
... Method of Entry - The way or place in which organisms, including infectious agents, enter the host’s body. ...
03-390 Immunology Exam III - 2014 Name:______________________
... b) Alternative light (or α) chains can be used to remove the interaction to self-antigens c) Self-reactive B or T cells are killed. 11. (4 pts) Please do one of the following choices: Choice A: The interaction of B- and T-cells occurs frequently in the lymph node. However, in the absence of an activ ...
... b) Alternative light (or α) chains can be used to remove the interaction to self-antigens c) Self-reactive B or T cells are killed. 11. (4 pts) Please do one of the following choices: Choice A: The interaction of B- and T-cells occurs frequently in the lymph node. However, in the absence of an activ ...
MHC gp I
... of the same specificity as the BCR (it is actually the same protein in soluble form). Part of stimulated B-cells differentiate to memory cells. ...
... of the same specificity as the BCR (it is actually the same protein in soluble form). Part of stimulated B-cells differentiate to memory cells. ...
RAG mediated rearranging of antigen receptors
... Two VLR genes known (membrane-bound and secreted) ...
... Two VLR genes known (membrane-bound and secreted) ...
A Mathematical Model for within-host Toxoplasma gondii Invasion
... immunocompetent patients, the infection enters a latent phase, during which tissue cysts may form in the brain and muscle. Recent studies show that latent Toxoplasmosis may have significant effects on human behavior and may lead to neuropsychiatric disorders, e.g. schizophrenia. In addition, infecti ...
... immunocompetent patients, the infection enters a latent phase, during which tissue cysts may form in the brain and muscle. Recent studies show that latent Toxoplasmosis may have significant effects on human behavior and may lead to neuropsychiatric disorders, e.g. schizophrenia. In addition, infecti ...
Rapid innate control of antigen abrogates adaptive immunity
... innate immune response against viral infections. They were first described as lymphocytes, which possess cytotoxic functions without the need for previous antigen exposure.1 The NK responses are not only directly cytotoxic against virus-infected cells but also serve as a bridge between the innate an ...
... innate immune response against viral infections. They were first described as lymphocytes, which possess cytotoxic functions without the need for previous antigen exposure.1 The NK responses are not only directly cytotoxic against virus-infected cells but also serve as a bridge between the innate an ...
Homeostasis and Self-Tolerance in the Immune System
... The requisite ligand or ligands have not been identified; they may include environmental antigens or even self-antigens that are recognized with low affinities by mature lymphocytes. For an immune response to occur, lymphocytes must be exposed to two types of stimulus. The first signal, an antigen, ...
... The requisite ligand or ligands have not been identified; they may include environmental antigens or even self-antigens that are recognized with low affinities by mature lymphocytes. For an immune response to occur, lymphocytes must be exposed to two types of stimulus. The first signal, an antigen, ...
European Respiratory Society Annual Congress 2013
... Body: Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a progressive fibrotic lung disease with unknown cause ultimately leading to death. It is believed that repetitive microinjuries of the alveolar epithelial cells initiate chronic wound healing and immune responses which ultimately leads to pulmonary fibro ...
... Body: Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a progressive fibrotic lung disease with unknown cause ultimately leading to death. It is believed that repetitive microinjuries of the alveolar epithelial cells initiate chronic wound healing and immune responses which ultimately leads to pulmonary fibro ...
Transplantation Immunology
... the transfer of tissue from one species to another Usually refers to the implantation of animal tissue in humans provides a new source of organs for humans many different types of tissue can be transplanted: e.g. heart, kidney, liver or lung ...
... the transfer of tissue from one species to another Usually refers to the implantation of animal tissue in humans provides a new source of organs for humans many different types of tissue can be transplanted: e.g. heart, kidney, liver or lung ...
Document
... 2. Some B cells in the germinal center divide and undergo hypermutation and/or isotype switching 3. After this stage they cannot divide and the higher affinity ones are selected 4. These cells can mature to plasma cells 5. End result: The B cell makes a different antibody isotype but with the same s ...
... 2. Some B cells in the germinal center divide and undergo hypermutation and/or isotype switching 3. After this stage they cannot divide and the higher affinity ones are selected 4. These cells can mature to plasma cells 5. End result: The B cell makes a different antibody isotype but with the same s ...
Generation of antagonistic anti-TIM-3 and anti-LAG
... pathways in in vitro cell-based assays. Inhibition of each pathway in isolation demonstrated immune stimulatory activity as evidenced by increased secretion of IL-2 in a mixed lymphocyte reaction or an activated T-cell assay. Combination of an anti LAG-3 or an anti TIM-3 antibody with an anti-PD-1 i ...
... pathways in in vitro cell-based assays. Inhibition of each pathway in isolation demonstrated immune stimulatory activity as evidenced by increased secretion of IL-2 in a mixed lymphocyte reaction or an activated T-cell assay. Combination of an anti LAG-3 or an anti TIM-3 antibody with an anti-PD-1 i ...
3/8
... Secretions (lysozyme) Hairs and Mucus (protect openings) Traps particles, swallowed Stomach acid kills pathogens Fig 43.2 ...
... Secretions (lysozyme) Hairs and Mucus (protect openings) Traps particles, swallowed Stomach acid kills pathogens Fig 43.2 ...
Glycogen metabolism supports effector function and energy
... Dendritic cells (DCs), professional antigen presenting cells of the immune system, serve as a bridge between the innate and adaptive immune responses. Activation of DCs by a stimulus through toll-like receptors (TLRs) is coupled with an increase in energy demand fulfilled by a glycolytic burst, whic ...
... Dendritic cells (DCs), professional antigen presenting cells of the immune system, serve as a bridge between the innate and adaptive immune responses. Activation of DCs by a stimulus through toll-like receptors (TLRs) is coupled with an increase in energy demand fulfilled by a glycolytic burst, whic ...
Immune system
The immune system is a system of many biological structures and processes within an organism that protects against disease. To function properly, an immune system must detect a wide variety of agents, known as pathogens, from viruses to parasitic worms, and distinguish them from the organism's own healthy tissue. In many species, the immune system can be classified into subsystems, such as the innate immune system versus the adaptive immune system, or humoral immunity versus cell-mediated immunity.Pathogens can rapidly evolve and adapt, and thereby avoid detection and neutralization by the immune system; however, multiple defense mechanisms have also evolved to recognize and neutralize pathogens. Even simple unicellular organisms such as bacteria possess a rudimentary immune system, in the form of enzymes that protect against bacteriophage infections. Other basic immune mechanisms evolved in ancient eukaryotes and remain in their modern descendants, such as plants and insects. These mechanisms include phagocytosis, antimicrobial peptides called defensins, and the complement system. Jawed vertebrates, including humans, have even more sophisticated defense mechanisms, including the ability to adapt over time to recognize specific pathogens more efficiently. Adaptive (or acquired) immunity creates immunological memory after an initial response to a specific pathogen, leading to an enhanced response to subsequent encounters with that same pathogen. This process of acquired immunity is the basis of vaccination.Disorders of the immune system can result in autoimmune diseases, inflammatory diseases and cancer.Immunodeficiency occurs when the immune system is less active than normal, resulting in recurring and life-threatening infections. In humans, immunodeficiency can either be the result of a genetic disease such as severe combined immunodeficiency, acquired conditions such as HIV/AIDS, or the use of immunosuppressive medication. In contrast, autoimmunity results from a hyperactive immune system attacking normal tissues as if they were foreign organisms. Common autoimmune diseases include Hashimoto's thyroiditis, rheumatoid arthritis, diabetes mellitus type 1, and systemic lupus erythematosus. Immunology covers the study of all aspects of the immune system.