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Diet - Amazon Web Services
Diet - Amazon Web Services

... Autoimmune Diseases  It is just over 100 years since the first autoimmune disease was described and in that time the list of autoimmune diseases has steadily grown  It is estimated that approximately 5% of the world’s population have an autoimmune disease  Autoimmune diseases affect almost every ...
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... The World of Vaccine Adjuvants-The Hidden Secrets of Vaccine The word ‘adjuvant’ is derived from the Latin word ‘adjuvare’ which means ‘to help’. Immunologic Adjuvants are added to vaccines to stimulate the immune system's response to the target antigen, but do not in themselves confer immunity. Adj ...
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For lecture notes click here

... the triglycerides are broken down into fatty acids and monoglycerides. STEP 3: When IDLs reach the liver, additional triglycerides are removed and the protein content is altered. This process creates LDLs, which then returns to peripheral tissues to deliver cholesterol. STEP 4: LDLs leave the bloods ...
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... T-helper Type 1 and T-helper Type 17 (Th1, Th17), against CNS myelin or other antigens (9). This representation is called the outside-in model. However, a recent reinterpretation of the available experimental data suggested another hypothesis called the inside-out model (10). According to this model ...
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... granules in their cytoplasm, hyalinocytes-like cells (HLC) and granulocytes-like cells (GLC). HCL were the first type of hemocytes identify in H. aspersa (Fig. 1B) these cells comprised 57.6 ±2.6% of the total hemocytes population. They varied in size within a range of 6–10µm, with an average diamet ...
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GRANULOMATOUS INFLAMMATION

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... for these abnormal immune responses are difficult or impossible to eliminate (e.g., self antigens and persistent microbes), and the immune system has many built-in positive feedback loops (amplification mechanisms), once a pathologic immune response starts it is difficult to control or terminate it. ...
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Polyclonal B cell response



Polyclonal B cell response is a natural mode of immune response exhibited by the adaptive immune system of mammals. It ensures that a single antigen is recognized and attacked through its overlapping parts, called epitopes, by multiple clones of B cell.In the course of normal immune response, parts of pathogens (e.g. bacteria) are recognized by the immune system as foreign (non-self), and eliminated or effectively neutralized to reduce their potential damage. Such a recognizable substance is called an antigen. The immune system may respond in multiple ways to an antigen; a key feature of this response is the production of antibodies by B cells (or B lymphocytes) involving an arm of the immune system known as humoral immunity. The antibodies are soluble and do not require direct cell-to-cell contact between the pathogen and the B-cell to function.Antigens can be large and complex substances, and any single antibody can only bind to a small, specific area on the antigen. Consequently, an effective immune response often involves the production of many different antibodies by many different B cells against the same antigen. Hence the term ""polyclonal"", which derives from the words poly, meaning many, and clones (""Klon""=Greek for sprout or twig); a clone is a group of cells arising from a common ""mother"" cell. The antibodies thus produced in a polyclonal response are known as polyclonal antibodies. The heterogeneous polyclonal antibodies are distinct from monoclonal antibody molecules, which are identical and react against a single epitope only, i.e., are more specific.Although the polyclonal response confers advantages on the immune system, in particular, greater probability of reacting against pathogens, it also increases chances of developing certain autoimmune diseases resulting from the reaction of the immune system against native molecules produced within the host.
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