Abbreviations, annotations and conventions used in the Mark Scheme
... more plasma cells (than in first response); more cells that will respond to the antigen, so greater chance to find it; ref to clonal selection; ref to time qualified; (e.g. less time to produce same number of plasma cells) AVP; (e.g. B cell clones, further detail of points above) 4 max [Total : 15] ...
... more plasma cells (than in first response); more cells that will respond to the antigen, so greater chance to find it; ref to clonal selection; ref to time qualified; (e.g. less time to produce same number of plasma cells) AVP; (e.g. B cell clones, further detail of points above) 4 max [Total : 15] ...
Mast Cells in Autoimmune Disease - Direct-MS
... Autoimmune disease in the skin Bullous pemphigoid seems to present a situation that is highly similar to the one that unfolds in K/BxN mice. This autoimmune skin disease is characterized by subepidermal blisters resulting from auto-antibodies against two hemidesmosomal antigens, BP230 and BP180 (ref ...
... Autoimmune disease in the skin Bullous pemphigoid seems to present a situation that is highly similar to the one that unfolds in K/BxN mice. This autoimmune skin disease is characterized by subepidermal blisters resulting from auto-antibodies against two hemidesmosomal antigens, BP230 and BP180 (ref ...
Pyroptosis: A Caspase-1-Dependent Programmed Cell Death and a
... Abstract Infection elicits a number of innate protective responses in the host that cooperate to promote effective pathogen clearance. Increasingly, the inflammatory response to infection appears to be coupled to cell death as an important mediator of host defence. In this chapter we review the moda ...
... Abstract Infection elicits a number of innate protective responses in the host that cooperate to promote effective pathogen clearance. Increasingly, the inflammatory response to infection appears to be coupled to cell death as an important mediator of host defence. In this chapter we review the moda ...
Trafficking of phosphatidylinositol by phosphatidylinositol transfer
... Treatment of cells with PMA leads to phosphorylation of PITPα at Ser166 (Figure 1A). In addition, both recombinant and brain-derived PITPα is phosphorylated at this residue in vitro, although at a lower stoichiometry [24,25]. Ser166-phosphorylated PITPs can also be isolated from brain cytosol, confi ...
... Treatment of cells with PMA leads to phosphorylation of PITPα at Ser166 (Figure 1A). In addition, both recombinant and brain-derived PITPα is phosphorylated at this residue in vitro, although at a lower stoichiometry [24,25]. Ser166-phosphorylated PITPs can also be isolated from brain cytosol, confi ...
Bio 20 A - Holy Trinity Academy
... Proteins are made from the elements C, O, H, and N. These elements link together to make an amino acid. There are 20 different amino acids used to make all proteins for living things on earth. Six functions of proteins: 1) enzymes—are globular proteins, speed up reactions, ex. Amylase 2) hormones—so ...
... Proteins are made from the elements C, O, H, and N. These elements link together to make an amino acid. There are 20 different amino acids used to make all proteins for living things on earth. Six functions of proteins: 1) enzymes—are globular proteins, speed up reactions, ex. Amylase 2) hormones—so ...
Innate Immune Responses of the Dental Pulp to Caries
... nnate immunity is activated upon the initial invasion of microbes. If the innate response is unable to abolish the insult, adaptive immunity is elicited with cellular (cell-mediated immunity) and specific antibody (humoral immunity) responses to enhance the protective mechanisms of innate immunity. ...
... nnate immunity is activated upon the initial invasion of microbes. If the innate response is unable to abolish the insult, adaptive immunity is elicited with cellular (cell-mediated immunity) and specific antibody (humoral immunity) responses to enhance the protective mechanisms of innate immunity. ...
JDRF Cure Research – Halting the autoimmune process and
... immune attack. JDRF-supported researchers at the University of Miami invented a new type of biomaterial that produces oxygen to sustain beta cells immediately after implantation. This novel biomaterial should accelerate beta cell encapsulation progress by overcoming a key technical hurdle. (Learn mo ...
... immune attack. JDRF-supported researchers at the University of Miami invented a new type of biomaterial that produces oxygen to sustain beta cells immediately after implantation. This novel biomaterial should accelerate beta cell encapsulation progress by overcoming a key technical hurdle. (Learn mo ...
JDRF Research Top 10 Advances of FY2012 JDRF Cure Research
... immune attack. JDRF-supported researchers at the University of Miami invented a new type of biomaterial that produces oxygen to sustain beta cells immediately after implantation. This novel biomaterial should accelerate beta cell encapsulation progress by overcoming a key technical hurdle. (Learn mo ...
... immune attack. JDRF-supported researchers at the University of Miami invented a new type of biomaterial that produces oxygen to sustain beta cells immediately after implantation. This novel biomaterial should accelerate beta cell encapsulation progress by overcoming a key technical hurdle. (Learn mo ...
PDF - The Journal of Immunology
... system. For example, the MHC class I-like molecule MIC is induced on the surface of heat-shocked or otherwise stressed cells, and has been shown to bind to an activating receptor called NKG2D, which is expressed by ␥␦ T cells, CD8⫹ T cells, and NK cells (37). Heat shock proteins themselves appear to ...
... system. For example, the MHC class I-like molecule MIC is induced on the surface of heat-shocked or otherwise stressed cells, and has been shown to bind to an activating receptor called NKG2D, which is expressed by ␥␦ T cells, CD8⫹ T cells, and NK cells (37). Heat shock proteins themselves appear to ...
Isolation of infectious HIV-1
... These host cell proteins are incorporated either actively or passively when the virus buds from the cell membrane. Many of the cellular proteins present in the HIV envelope retain their biological function, suggesting that they could play a role in viral pathogenesis.¹ In addition, the presence of c ...
... These host cell proteins are incorporated either actively or passively when the virus buds from the cell membrane. Many of the cellular proteins present in the HIV envelope retain their biological function, suggesting that they could play a role in viral pathogenesis.¹ In addition, the presence of c ...
Bovine herpesvirus glycoprotein D: a review of its structural
... vaccines has been reported, a number of issues concerning these vaccines have been identified. Contamination of vaccine batches with bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) type 2 leading to BVDV outbreaks [19], false seronegative vaccine virus carriers in calves immunized while carrying maternal antibod ...
... vaccines has been reported, a number of issues concerning these vaccines have been identified. Contamination of vaccine batches with bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) type 2 leading to BVDV outbreaks [19], false seronegative vaccine virus carriers in calves immunized while carrying maternal antibod ...
Lesson Overview - Southgate Schools
... Passive immunity can occur naturally or by deliberate exposure. Natural passive immunity occurs when antibodies are passed from a pregnant woman to her fetus (across the placenta), or to an infant through breast milk. For some diseases, antibodies from humans or animals can be injected into an indiv ...
... Passive immunity can occur naturally or by deliberate exposure. Natural passive immunity occurs when antibodies are passed from a pregnant woman to her fetus (across the placenta), or to an infant through breast milk. For some diseases, antibodies from humans or animals can be injected into an indiv ...
Natural Killer cells in Innate Defense against Infective Pathogens
... cells are activated and target cells would be lysed. On the other hand, NK cells function is inhibited when activating receptor/ligand signals are weaker than inhibitory receptor/ligand signals [27-29]. NK cell effector functions are stimulated through direct contact with activated dendritic cells ( ...
... cells are activated and target cells would be lysed. On the other hand, NK cells function is inhibited when activating receptor/ligand signals are weaker than inhibitory receptor/ligand signals [27-29]. NK cell effector functions are stimulated through direct contact with activated dendritic cells ( ...
AUTOSENSITIZATION IN VITRO* BY IRUN R. COHEN, MD, AMIELA
... from Jackson Laboratories, Bar Harbor, Maine. Lewis rats (AgB-1) were supplied by Microbiological Associates, Inc., Bethesda, Md. A strain of Wistar rats (AgB-unknown) in its 15th generation of brother-sister inbreeding was obtained from Mr. Joseph Shalom of the Department of Biodynamics of this Ins ...
... from Jackson Laboratories, Bar Harbor, Maine. Lewis rats (AgB-1) were supplied by Microbiological Associates, Inc., Bethesda, Md. A strain of Wistar rats (AgB-unknown) in its 15th generation of brother-sister inbreeding was obtained from Mr. Joseph Shalom of the Department of Biodynamics of this Ins ...
Microfluidic Isolation of Leukocytes from Whole Blood for Phenotype
... Furthermore, the cassette channels contain microscale ridges that produce very rapid mixing and uniform exposure of each cell to the lysis conditions. This system significantly reduces chemical and mechanical cell stresses during processing. Beginning with whole blood from five healthy subjects, we ...
... Furthermore, the cassette channels contain microscale ridges that produce very rapid mixing and uniform exposure of each cell to the lysis conditions. This system significantly reduces chemical and mechanical cell stresses during processing. Beginning with whole blood from five healthy subjects, we ...
Core I Objectives - Three-Dimensional Orthopaedic Animations
... Acid: A proton donor. Examples: hydrochloric acid, phosphoric acid, acetic acid, carbonic acid, ammonium chloride Base: A proton acceptor. Examples: sodium hydroxide, ammonia, sodium acetate, sodium carbonate. Buffer = A buffer is a mixture of a weak acid and its conjugate base. Such a mixture tends ...
... Acid: A proton donor. Examples: hydrochloric acid, phosphoric acid, acetic acid, carbonic acid, ammonium chloride Base: A proton acceptor. Examples: sodium hydroxide, ammonia, sodium acetate, sodium carbonate. Buffer = A buffer is a mixture of a weak acid and its conjugate base. Such a mixture tends ...
Managing patients with rare blood groups
... Might have been immunized during pregnancies (two) Sustained antibody level may presumably be due to a constant stimulus through her underlying cancer as CD44 antigen is known to be a tumor antigen, and that Ina/Inb are on CD44 molecules. > 2000 blood units were screened: 2 compatible units Her brot ...
... Might have been immunized during pregnancies (two) Sustained antibody level may presumably be due to a constant stimulus through her underlying cancer as CD44 antigen is known to be a tumor antigen, and that Ina/Inb are on CD44 molecules. > 2000 blood units were screened: 2 compatible units Her brot ...
Amelioration of Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis by β
... cells. Suggesting it is useful in the control of MS and other Th17 cell-mediated inflammatory diseases. Keywords β-elemene . Th17 . Treg . Cytokine ...
... cells. Suggesting it is useful in the control of MS and other Th17 cell-mediated inflammatory diseases. Keywords β-elemene . Th17 . Treg . Cytokine ...
Journal: Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology
... product yields and growth performance of cell lines. Of main interest are especially the two major substrates of central carbon metabolism, glucose (GLC) and glutamine (GLN), which are crucial in cellular energy generation as well as in precursor supply for biosynthesis. However, depending on the ce ...
... product yields and growth performance of cell lines. Of main interest are especially the two major substrates of central carbon metabolism, glucose (GLC) and glutamine (GLN), which are crucial in cellular energy generation as well as in precursor supply for biosynthesis. However, depending on the ce ...
Direct Interference with Rhamnogalacturonan I Biosynthesis in Golgi
... aqueous solution (Cros et al., 1994), whereas 13CNMR studies by Renard and Jarvis (1999) demonstrate that they are also very mobile molecules in muro. The authors concluded that arabinans are not structural components; rather, they propose a role for them as plasticizers and water binding agents in ...
... aqueous solution (Cros et al., 1994), whereas 13CNMR studies by Renard and Jarvis (1999) demonstrate that they are also very mobile molecules in muro. The authors concluded that arabinans are not structural components; rather, they propose a role for them as plasticizers and water binding agents in ...
Polyclonal B cell response
Polyclonal B cell response is a natural mode of immune response exhibited by the adaptive immune system of mammals. It ensures that a single antigen is recognized and attacked through its overlapping parts, called epitopes, by multiple clones of B cell.In the course of normal immune response, parts of pathogens (e.g. bacteria) are recognized by the immune system as foreign (non-self), and eliminated or effectively neutralized to reduce their potential damage. Such a recognizable substance is called an antigen. The immune system may respond in multiple ways to an antigen; a key feature of this response is the production of antibodies by B cells (or B lymphocytes) involving an arm of the immune system known as humoral immunity. The antibodies are soluble and do not require direct cell-to-cell contact between the pathogen and the B-cell to function.Antigens can be large and complex substances, and any single antibody can only bind to a small, specific area on the antigen. Consequently, an effective immune response often involves the production of many different antibodies by many different B cells against the same antigen. Hence the term ""polyclonal"", which derives from the words poly, meaning many, and clones (""Klon""=Greek for sprout or twig); a clone is a group of cells arising from a common ""mother"" cell. The antibodies thus produced in a polyclonal response are known as polyclonal antibodies. The heterogeneous polyclonal antibodies are distinct from monoclonal antibody molecules, which are identical and react against a single epitope only, i.e., are more specific.Although the polyclonal response confers advantages on the immune system, in particular, greater probability of reacting against pathogens, it also increases chances of developing certain autoimmune diseases resulting from the reaction of the immune system against native molecules produced within the host.