Are Obesity-Related Insulin Resistance and Type 2 Diabetes
... inflammation in obesity results from an integrated dialogue between multiple cell types, encompassing metabolic cells as well as both innate and adaptive immune cells. These findings have raised the possibility that obesity-related insulin resistance has a defined autoimmune component to it. Nonetheles ...
... inflammation in obesity results from an integrated dialogue between multiple cell types, encompassing metabolic cells as well as both innate and adaptive immune cells. These findings have raised the possibility that obesity-related insulin resistance has a defined autoimmune component to it. Nonetheles ...
Immunotherapy for High-Risk and Metastatic Melanoma
... – All T cells, including cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) but also Regulatory T cells (Tregs) – Natural killer and Lymphokine-activated Killer (LAK) cells ...
... – All T cells, including cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) but also Regulatory T cells (Tregs) – Natural killer and Lymphokine-activated Killer (LAK) cells ...
Abstract Elevation of ketone bodies occurs frequently after
... two days later. Two udder quarters were challenged with 200 μg Escherichia coli-LPS 48 h after the start of infusion. Blood samples were taken one week and 2 h before the start of infusions as reference samples and hourly during the infusion. Liver and mammary gland biopsies were taken one week befo ...
... two days later. Two udder quarters were challenged with 200 μg Escherichia coli-LPS 48 h after the start of infusion. Blood samples were taken one week and 2 h before the start of infusions as reference samples and hourly during the infusion. Liver and mammary gland biopsies were taken one week befo ...
Link - Semantic Scholar
... quickly exhausted if not actively replenished by the host cell. As an example, ten Shigella cells that rapidly grow in the cytosol of a human epithelial cell would completely consume the most abundant host metabolites within just a few minutes [6,7]). Therefore, a robust continuous host nutrient sup ...
... quickly exhausted if not actively replenished by the host cell. As an example, ten Shigella cells that rapidly grow in the cytosol of a human epithelial cell would completely consume the most abundant host metabolites within just a few minutes [6,7]). Therefore, a robust continuous host nutrient sup ...
Haptoglobin, inflammation and disease
... 2007). The Hp2-2 phenotype has consistently been observed to be a risk factor in inflammatory diseases (Delanghe et al., 1999; Levy, 2004; Papp et al., 2007), attributed to its compromised antioxidant role compared to the Hp2 allele. 3.1.2. Maintenance of reverse cholesterol transport Elevated levels ...
... 2007). The Hp2-2 phenotype has consistently been observed to be a risk factor in inflammatory diseases (Delanghe et al., 1999; Levy, 2004; Papp et al., 2007), attributed to its compromised antioxidant role compared to the Hp2 allele. 3.1.2. Maintenance of reverse cholesterol transport Elevated levels ...
Role of Regulatory T-cells in Oral Tolerance and Immunotherapy
... Tregs also target DCs, and they are one of the major targets of Tregmediated suppression. IL-10 producing Tregs seem to induce production of the tolerogenic CD11c+ DCs, and this also leads to the generation of hapten-specific CD8+ Treg cells [35]. CD8+ Tregs are yet another subset of Tregs which pro ...
... Tregs also target DCs, and they are one of the major targets of Tregmediated suppression. IL-10 producing Tregs seem to induce production of the tolerogenic CD11c+ DCs, and this also leads to the generation of hapten-specific CD8+ Treg cells [35]. CD8+ Tregs are yet another subset of Tregs which pro ...
The Plague
... Y. pestis has a swath of virulence factors that give it such impact on the host as observed in the epidemics above, with incredibly high mortality rates from sepsis. Once the pathogen is able to bypass the skin barrier though the flea bite, and it is able to infect macrophages. Although some are ki ...
... Y. pestis has a swath of virulence factors that give it such impact on the host as observed in the epidemics above, with incredibly high mortality rates from sepsis. Once the pathogen is able to bypass the skin barrier though the flea bite, and it is able to infect macrophages. Although some are ki ...
Canine CD34: Cloning of the cDNA and Evaluation
... have no close homology to other known proteins. The restricted expression of CD34 has allowed for antibodies to human CD34 and to murine CD34 to be used to identify and enrich hematopoietic progenitors as determined by in vitro3.1?.llandin vivo studies.""'In humans, monoclonal antibodies (MoAbs) to ...
... have no close homology to other known proteins. The restricted expression of CD34 has allowed for antibodies to human CD34 and to murine CD34 to be used to identify and enrich hematopoietic progenitors as determined by in vitro3.1?.llandin vivo studies.""'In humans, monoclonal antibodies (MoAbs) to ...
Cells Epithelial Fluid Signaling in Human Cervical Mediates
... broader actions in regulating female fertility. In animals, seminal fluid interacts with epithelial cells lining the female reproductive tract to activate cytokine gene expression and elicit changes in the abundance and behavior of infiltrating leukocyte populations, which, in turn, promote receptiv ...
... broader actions in regulating female fertility. In animals, seminal fluid interacts with epithelial cells lining the female reproductive tract to activate cytokine gene expression and elicit changes in the abundance and behavior of infiltrating leukocyte populations, which, in turn, promote receptiv ...
GLYCOLYSIS
... • But liver has additional functions • Glucose ↔ glycogen (a polymer of Glucose that can be utilized for rapid energy) • Cells have transporter molecules that bring Glucose into ...
... • But liver has additional functions • Glucose ↔ glycogen (a polymer of Glucose that can be utilized for rapid energy) • Cells have transporter molecules that bring Glucose into ...
Class II MHC
... For any given MHC molecule, binding of a peptide usually requires the peptide to have one or more specific amino acids at a fixed position, frequently the terminal or penultimate amino acid of the peptide. Binding of the specific amino acid in the groove of the MHC molecule occurs in what is termed ...
... For any given MHC molecule, binding of a peptide usually requires the peptide to have one or more specific amino acids at a fixed position, frequently the terminal or penultimate amino acid of the peptide. Binding of the specific amino acid in the groove of the MHC molecule occurs in what is termed ...
Pectin Modification in Cell Walls of Ripening Tomatoes Occurs in
... binding these unesterified pectins together by forming Ca2+ cross-bridges between the negatively charged carboxylic acid groups of the galacturonosyl residues. The pectins of the primary cell wall are thought to be more highly branched, with longer side chains. The carboxylic acid groups on the mole ...
... binding these unesterified pectins together by forming Ca2+ cross-bridges between the negatively charged carboxylic acid groups of the galacturonosyl residues. The pectins of the primary cell wall are thought to be more highly branched, with longer side chains. The carboxylic acid groups on the mole ...
2.3 Carbon-Based Molecules
... • Lipids are nonpolar molecules that include fats, oils, and cholesterol. – Many contain carbon chains called fatty acids. – Fats and oils contain fatty acids bonded to glycerol. Triglyceride ...
... • Lipids are nonpolar molecules that include fats, oils, and cholesterol. – Many contain carbon chains called fatty acids. – Fats and oils contain fatty acids bonded to glycerol. Triglyceride ...
A Novel Size-Based Sorting Mechanism of Pinocytic Luminal
... pinocytosis, and that reactive microglia are capable to present antigens to T cells and initiate immune responses. However, how microglia process the endocytosed contents and evoke an immune response remain unclear. Here we report that a size-dependent selective transport of small soluble contents f ...
... pinocytosis, and that reactive microglia are capable to present antigens to T cells and initiate immune responses. However, how microglia process the endocytosed contents and evoke an immune response remain unclear. Here we report that a size-dependent selective transport of small soluble contents f ...
DO ANTIBODIES RECOGNIZE AMINO ACID SIDE CHAINS OF
... orientation . Synthetic peptide inhibition experiments confirmed the ability of a reversed sequence to resemble the nominal antigenic epitope . In contrast to earlier studies in which internal image determinants were present in the expected orientation (7, 8), the results presented here suggest that ...
... orientation . Synthetic peptide inhibition experiments confirmed the ability of a reversed sequence to resemble the nominal antigenic epitope . In contrast to earlier studies in which internal image determinants were present in the expected orientation (7, 8), the results presented here suggest that ...
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
... africanum, and M. microti all cause the disease known as tuberculosis (TB) and are members of the tuberculosis species complex. Each member of the TB complex is pathogenic, but M. tuberculosis is pathogenic for humans while M. bovis is usually pathogenic for animals. ...
... africanum, and M. microti all cause the disease known as tuberculosis (TB) and are members of the tuberculosis species complex. Each member of the TB complex is pathogenic, but M. tuberculosis is pathogenic for humans while M. bovis is usually pathogenic for animals. ...
Orachel: Essential Nutrients
... necessary for normal cell development and certain of the mucous membranes, such as the lining of the respiratory and urinary tracts. An antioxidant that supports the maintenance of healthy skin, hair, nails and the immune system. Vitamin B1 – functions in the conversion of carbohydrates, fats and al ...
... necessary for normal cell development and certain of the mucous membranes, such as the lining of the respiratory and urinary tracts. An antioxidant that supports the maintenance of healthy skin, hair, nails and the immune system. Vitamin B1 – functions in the conversion of carbohydrates, fats and al ...
Rethinking the role of immunity: lessons from Hydra
... allowed the identification of a number of potential NLRinteracting proteins. One of these, a caspase containing a DEATH domain, was shown to interact with a Hydra NLRlike protein in vitro [51]. Therefore, as in vertebrates, a broad repertoire of NLRs seems to be involved in the recognition of conser ...
... allowed the identification of a number of potential NLRinteracting proteins. One of these, a caspase containing a DEATH domain, was shown to interact with a Hydra NLRlike protein in vitro [51]. Therefore, as in vertebrates, a broad repertoire of NLRs seems to be involved in the recognition of conser ...
Regulation of type 2 immunity to helminths by mast cells
... barrier tissues with MC progenitors by the regulation of an IL-25 driven axis. In addition, many recent studies have identified populations of type 2 innate lymphoid cells (iLCs) in the lymph node and tissues that produce IL-13 during helminth infection and allergy. Expansion of these cell types is ...
... barrier tissues with MC progenitors by the regulation of an IL-25 driven axis. In addition, many recent studies have identified populations of type 2 innate lymphoid cells (iLCs) in the lymph node and tissues that produce IL-13 during helminth infection and allergy. Expansion of these cell types is ...
Effects of intracellular and extracellular heat shock proteins on anti
... of the mammalian innate immune system include the ability (a) to rapidly recognize pathogen and/or tissue injury and (b) to signal the presence of danger to cells to the adaptive immune response (Matzinger 1994). The innate immune system is the very first inflammatory reaction and includes phagocyti ...
... of the mammalian innate immune system include the ability (a) to rapidly recognize pathogen and/or tissue injury and (b) to signal the presence of danger to cells to the adaptive immune response (Matzinger 1994). The innate immune system is the very first inflammatory reaction and includes phagocyti ...
Development of a fast release immunomodulated vaccine against FMD virus. Induced immunity
... zone B lymphocytes and/or B1. -In the murine model it was demonstrated that MØ are indispensable for protection. On the other hand NK cells are not essential though they were modulated by vaccination. Antibodies opsonization and virus-Ab complex phagocytosis by MØ, play an important role in protecti ...
... zone B lymphocytes and/or B1. -In the murine model it was demonstrated that MØ are indispensable for protection. On the other hand NK cells are not essential though they were modulated by vaccination. Antibodies opsonization and virus-Ab complex phagocytosis by MØ, play an important role in protecti ...
Polyclonal B cell response
Polyclonal B cell response is a natural mode of immune response exhibited by the adaptive immune system of mammals. It ensures that a single antigen is recognized and attacked through its overlapping parts, called epitopes, by multiple clones of B cell.In the course of normal immune response, parts of pathogens (e.g. bacteria) are recognized by the immune system as foreign (non-self), and eliminated or effectively neutralized to reduce their potential damage. Such a recognizable substance is called an antigen. The immune system may respond in multiple ways to an antigen; a key feature of this response is the production of antibodies by B cells (or B lymphocytes) involving an arm of the immune system known as humoral immunity. The antibodies are soluble and do not require direct cell-to-cell contact between the pathogen and the B-cell to function.Antigens can be large and complex substances, and any single antibody can only bind to a small, specific area on the antigen. Consequently, an effective immune response often involves the production of many different antibodies by many different B cells against the same antigen. Hence the term ""polyclonal"", which derives from the words poly, meaning many, and clones (""Klon""=Greek for sprout or twig); a clone is a group of cells arising from a common ""mother"" cell. The antibodies thus produced in a polyclonal response are known as polyclonal antibodies. The heterogeneous polyclonal antibodies are distinct from monoclonal antibody molecules, which are identical and react against a single epitope only, i.e., are more specific.Although the polyclonal response confers advantages on the immune system, in particular, greater probability of reacting against pathogens, it also increases chances of developing certain autoimmune diseases resulting from the reaction of the immune system against native molecules produced within the host.