Specific Defenses of the Host
... • The T-cells that bind to healthy normal self-proteins in the context of an MHC die in the thymus. • Only T-cells that are able to bind to an MHC coupled with a foreign protein are released out to the body. • This is called Negative selection ...
... • The T-cells that bind to healthy normal self-proteins in the context of an MHC die in the thymus. • Only T-cells that are able to bind to an MHC coupled with a foreign protein are released out to the body. • This is called Negative selection ...
BIOT 307 Kuby, Ch. 3, Antigens
... molecule called epitopes, or antigenic determinants. • Epitopes are the immunologically active regions of an immunogen that bind to antigen-specific membrane receptors on lymphocytes or to secreted antibodies • Studies with small antigens reveal that B and T cells recognize different epitopes on sam ...
... molecule called epitopes, or antigenic determinants. • Epitopes are the immunologically active regions of an immunogen that bind to antigen-specific membrane receptors on lymphocytes or to secreted antibodies • Studies with small antigens reveal that B and T cells recognize different epitopes on sam ...
Finch Lab
... live on Daphne Major, a small island off the coast of Santa Cruz Island in the Galapagos Archipelago. The vegetation on this island produces both small and large seeds which serve as the food source for the birds. You will observe how beak size may affect the survival of some of the finches on the i ...
... live on Daphne Major, a small island off the coast of Santa Cruz Island in the Galapagos Archipelago. The vegetation on this island produces both small and large seeds which serve as the food source for the birds. You will observe how beak size may affect the survival of some of the finches on the i ...
uh-lee-uls
... Dominant vs Recessive Alleles • Dominant always shows up • Recessive is hidden by a dominant allele • The only was a recessive allele shows up is if the organism has TWO recessive alleles for a particular trait. ...
... Dominant vs Recessive Alleles • Dominant always shows up • Recessive is hidden by a dominant allele • The only was a recessive allele shows up is if the organism has TWO recessive alleles for a particular trait. ...
Genetics: A Monk a Pea and a Fly
... Two Traits at Once : Dihybrid Cross • How do you determine inheritance for two traits at once? - Dihybrid Cross • Just remember : Segregation and Independent Assortment (For now, these genes exist on separate chromosomes) ...
... Two Traits at Once : Dihybrid Cross • How do you determine inheritance for two traits at once? - Dihybrid Cross • Just remember : Segregation and Independent Assortment (For now, these genes exist on separate chromosomes) ...
Ch 23 Evolution - philipdarrenjones.com
... number of alleles at a locus • Is the total number of individuals x 2 • The total number of dominant alleles at a locus • Is 2 alleles for each homozygous dominant individual • Plu ...
... number of alleles at a locus • Is the total number of individuals x 2 • The total number of dominant alleles at a locus • Is 2 alleles for each homozygous dominant individual • Plu ...
History
... Mendel’s Ideas of Inheritance • For each characteristic, an organism inherits two alleles, one from each parent. + an organism is either homozygous (two of the same alleles) or heterozygous (two different alleles) Homozygous ...
... Mendel’s Ideas of Inheritance • For each characteristic, an organism inherits two alleles, one from each parent. + an organism is either homozygous (two of the same alleles) or heterozygous (two different alleles) Homozygous ...
Goal #2: Punnett Squares
... individual) is relatively rare in humans but common in some animals, such as horses, cats, and certain species of dogs. A variation on the condition is heterochromia iridis, in which an individual has a variety of colors within one iris. Heterochromia iridium is thought to result from an alteration ...
... individual) is relatively rare in humans but common in some animals, such as horses, cats, and certain species of dogs. A variation on the condition is heterochromia iridis, in which an individual has a variety of colors within one iris. Heterochromia iridium is thought to result from an alteration ...
39_Autoimmune diseases_LA
... IgG is made against a wide range of cell-surface and intracellular self antigens that are common to many cell types. The immune complexes formed by these antigens and antibodies are deposited in various tissues, where they cause inflammatory reactions resembling type III hypersensitivity reactions. ...
... IgG is made against a wide range of cell-surface and intracellular self antigens that are common to many cell types. The immune complexes formed by these antigens and antibodies are deposited in various tissues, where they cause inflammatory reactions resembling type III hypersensitivity reactions. ...
PowerPoint Presentation - I. Introduction to class
... ACTIVITY OF OTHER CELLS OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM. • DEFENSE AGAINST: • BACTERIA AND VIRUSES THAT ARE INSIDE HOST CELLS AND ARE INACCESSIBLE TO ANTIBODIES. • FUNGI, PROTOZOA, AND WORMS ...
... ACTIVITY OF OTHER CELLS OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM. • DEFENSE AGAINST: • BACTERIA AND VIRUSES THAT ARE INSIDE HOST CELLS AND ARE INACCESSIBLE TO ANTIBODIES. • FUNGI, PROTOZOA, AND WORMS ...
MENDEL=S HYPOTHESES TO EXPLAIN INHERITANCE
... F1 generation predicts that two classes of gametes produced. When genes separate 2 of the gametes receive a green-pod allele (G) the other 2 gets a yellow-pod allele (g). During selfpollination these two classes of gametes unite randomly. This is true both for sperm carrying a green-pod gamete as we ...
... F1 generation predicts that two classes of gametes produced. When genes separate 2 of the gametes receive a green-pod allele (G) the other 2 gets a yellow-pod allele (g). During selfpollination these two classes of gametes unite randomly. This is true both for sperm carrying a green-pod gamete as we ...
Inheritance PowerPoint (Larkeys)
... Passing genetic information from one generation to the next generation is called inheritance. You inherit alleles from your parents, Larkeys inherit alleles from their parents. This is true for all living organisms. ...
... Passing genetic information from one generation to the next generation is called inheritance. You inherit alleles from your parents, Larkeys inherit alleles from their parents. This is true for all living organisms. ...
MODELING POLYGENIC INHERITANCE
... 2. Explain why medium parents usually have medium kids, but can have offspring who are SHORTER or TALLER than they are. ...
... 2. Explain why medium parents usually have medium kids, but can have offspring who are SHORTER or TALLER than they are. ...
Answer Key to Heredity Intro Questions
... Mendel used garden peas: yellow and green, smooth and wrinkled. It was a good choice because: 1) there are a number of characteristics expressed one of two ways, which made it easier to see which had been inherited and which was dominant/recessive. 2) the plant reproduced two ways - sexually and ase ...
... Mendel used garden peas: yellow and green, smooth and wrinkled. It was a good choice because: 1) there are a number of characteristics expressed one of two ways, which made it easier to see which had been inherited and which was dominant/recessive. 2) the plant reproduced two ways - sexually and ase ...
Chapter 4: Modification of Mendelian Ratios
... carbohydrates that form the A and B antigens, called the H substance. Results in an O phenotype, although they do not have O blood; they will still have A and/or B antigens on their red cell surface. Issues arise at the time of transfusion; if they test RBC’s only in the patient, they could receive ...
... carbohydrates that form the A and B antigens, called the H substance. Results in an O phenotype, although they do not have O blood; they will still have A and/or B antigens on their red cell surface. Issues arise at the time of transfusion; if they test RBC’s only in the patient, they could receive ...
Antigen-processing-and-presentation
... • Present exogenous (eg bacteria) antigens • CD4 T cells upregulate all immune functions • MHC class II found only on cells that sample the extracellular environment ...
... • Present exogenous (eg bacteria) antigens • CD4 T cells upregulate all immune functions • MHC class II found only on cells that sample the extracellular environment ...
LETTERS
... The mature T cells that emerged from these in silico thymic selection experiments were then computationally challenged by a viral peptide (that is, not seen in the thymus) bound to the same HLA type. T cells that recognize this peptide–HLA complex were obtained by assessing whether the interaction s ...
... The mature T cells that emerged from these in silico thymic selection experiments were then computationally challenged by a viral peptide (that is, not seen in the thymus) bound to the same HLA type. T cells that recognize this peptide–HLA complex were obtained by assessing whether the interaction s ...
HUMAN GENETICS
... Heterozygous person has increased resistance to malaria than a homozygous person ...
... Heterozygous person has increased resistance to malaria than a homozygous person ...
PPT 2003
... are being made inside a cell. • Almost every cell in the human body expresses class I molecules on its surface, although the number of molecules varies from cell to cell. • Killer T cells (also called cytotoxic lymphocytes or CTLs) inspect the protein fragments displayed by class I MHC molecules. • ...
... are being made inside a cell. • Almost every cell in the human body expresses class I molecules on its surface, although the number of molecules varies from cell to cell. • Killer T cells (also called cytotoxic lymphocytes or CTLs) inspect the protein fragments displayed by class I MHC molecules. • ...
DIVERSITY OF STREPTOCOCCUS THERMOPHILUS
... production of traditional cheeses, and its sources may be the milk, cheese-making environment, and artisanal starter cultures. Monitoring the population structure of this species is of great interest in traditional cheeses produced using artisanal starters, because of the high diversity of these mic ...
... production of traditional cheeses, and its sources may be the milk, cheese-making environment, and artisanal starter cultures. Monitoring the population structure of this species is of great interest in traditional cheeses produced using artisanal starters, because of the high diversity of these mic ...
Chapter 4: Modification of Mendelian Ratios
... carbohydrates that form the A and B antigens, called the H substance. Results in an O phenotype, although they do not have O blood; they will still have A and/or B antigens on their red cell surface. Issues arise at the time of transfusion; if they test RBC’s only in the patient, they could receive ...
... carbohydrates that form the A and B antigens, called the H substance. Results in an O phenotype, although they do not have O blood; they will still have A and/or B antigens on their red cell surface. Issues arise at the time of transfusion; if they test RBC’s only in the patient, they could receive ...
Neutral Theory
... The rise of Neutral Theory Abundant genetic variation exists, but perhaps not driven by balancing or diversifying selection: selectionists find a new foe: Neutralists! Neutral Theory (1968): most genetic mutations are neutral with respect to each other Deleterious mutations quickly eliminated ...
... The rise of Neutral Theory Abundant genetic variation exists, but perhaps not driven by balancing or diversifying selection: selectionists find a new foe: Neutralists! Neutral Theory (1968): most genetic mutations are neutral with respect to each other Deleterious mutations quickly eliminated ...
U5 Notes - southbutterfield
... • Genes are usually controlled by two alleles – expressed by two letters • These alleles may be dominant or recessive: – Dominant: allele that is expressed in the phenotype • Expressed as a capital letter (A) ...
... • Genes are usually controlled by two alleles – expressed by two letters • These alleles may be dominant or recessive: – Dominant: allele that is expressed in the phenotype • Expressed as a capital letter (A) ...
Populations Student Notes Part 2
... ! A large population consists of 400 individuals, of which 289 are homozygous dominant (MM), 102 are heterozygous (Mm), and 9 are homozygous recessive (mm). Determine the allele frequencies of M and m. ! The gene pool of a certain population of fruit flies contains only two eye-colour alleles: t ...
... ! A large population consists of 400 individuals, of which 289 are homozygous dominant (MM), 102 are heterozygous (Mm), and 9 are homozygous recessive (mm). Determine the allele frequencies of M and m. ! The gene pool of a certain population of fruit flies contains only two eye-colour alleles: t ...
Human leukocyte antigen
The human leukocyte antigen (HLA) system is the locus of genes that encode for proteins on the surface of cells that are responsible for regulation of the immune system in humans. This group of genes resides on chromosome 6 (exception: the gene for β2-microglobulin which is located on chromosome 15), and encodes cell-surface antigen-presenting proteins and has many other functions. The HLA genes are the human versions of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) genes that are found in most vertebrates (and thus are the most studied of the MHC genes). The proteins encoded by certain genes are also known as antigens, as a result of their historic discovery as factors in organ transplants. The major HLAs are essential elements for immune function. Different classes have different functions:HLAs corresponding to MHC class I (A, B, and C) present peptides from inside the cell. For example, if the cell is infected by a virus, the HLA system brings fragments of the virus to the surface of the cell so that the cell can be destroyed by the immune system. These peptides are produced from digested proteins that are broken down in the proteasomes. In general, these particular peptides are small polymers, about 9 amino acids in length. Foreign antigens presented by MHC class I attract killer T-cells (also called CD8 positive- or cytotoxic T-cells) that destroy cells.HLAs corresponding to MHC class II (DP, DM, DOA, DOB, DQ, and DR) present antigens from outside of the cell to T-lymphocytes. These particular antigens stimulate the multiplication of T-helper cells, which in turn stimulate antibody-producing B-cells to produce antibodies to that specific antigen. Self-antigens are suppressed by regulatory T cells.HLAs corresponding to MHC class III encode components of the complement system.HLAs have other roles. They are important in disease defense. They are the major cause of organ transplant rejections. They may protect against or fail to protect (if down-regulated by an infection) against cancers. Mutations in HLA may be linked to autoimmune disease (examples: type I diabetes, coeliac disease). HLA may also be related to people's perception of the odor of other people, and may be involved in mate selection, as at least one study found a lower-than-expected rate of HLA similarity between spouses in an isolated community.Aside from the genes encoding the 6 major antigen-presenting proteins, there are a large number of other genes, many involved in immune function, located on the HLA complex. Diversity of HLAs in the human population is one aspect of disease defense, and, as a result, the chance of two unrelated individuals with identical HLA molecules on all loci is very low. HLA genes have historically been identified as a result of the ability to successfully transplant organs between HLA-similar individuals.