WHO clinical staging of HIV disease in adults and adolescents (2/4)
... • In some cases an acute illness occurs – Lasts from 1-2 weeks, but it is rarely diagnosed – Symptoms if present resemble those of other viral illnesses; requires high index of suspicion ...
... • In some cases an acute illness occurs – Lasts from 1-2 weeks, but it is rarely diagnosed – Symptoms if present resemble those of other viral illnesses; requires high index of suspicion ...
Unit 1: Lesson 3 – The Adaptive Immune System • Lesson questions
... A typical example is when an antibody binds to a protein on the surface of a pathogen, so that it cannot bind to and infect a cell. Proliferation – The process of rapid multiplication The proliferation of B cells following presentation of an antigen by T cells enables a rapid, specific response. Pro ...
... A typical example is when an antibody binds to a protein on the surface of a pathogen, so that it cannot bind to and infect a cell. Proliferation – The process of rapid multiplication The proliferation of B cells following presentation of an antigen by T cells enables a rapid, specific response. Pro ...
Novel Treatment Approaches in Pancreatic Cancer
... PLX7486 (binds several tyrosine kinases which promote cell survival and proliferation) ...
... PLX7486 (binds several tyrosine kinases which promote cell survival and proliferation) ...
Chapter 13
... Various cytokines and inflammatory mediators act on local blood vessels 4 steps of extravasation: ○ Rolling, mediated by selectins ○ Activation by chemoattractant stimulus ○ Arrest and adhesion, mediated by integrins binding to Ig-family ○ Transendothelial migration ...
... Various cytokines and inflammatory mediators act on local blood vessels 4 steps of extravasation: ○ Rolling, mediated by selectins ○ Activation by chemoattractant stimulus ○ Arrest and adhesion, mediated by integrins binding to Ig-family ○ Transendothelial migration ...
Einkünfte von Ärzten 2003
... The immune system depends on multiple checkpoints or “immunological brakes” to avoid overactivation of the immune system on healthy cells. Tumor cells often take advantage of these checkpoints to escape detection by the immune system. CTLA-4 and PD-1 are checkpoints that have been studied as targets ...
... The immune system depends on multiple checkpoints or “immunological brakes” to avoid overactivation of the immune system on healthy cells. Tumor cells often take advantage of these checkpoints to escape detection by the immune system. CTLA-4 and PD-1 are checkpoints that have been studied as targets ...
Protect
... is an important nutrient that can only be obtained in very few foods, or in supplements. Wellmune® is a natural ingredient extracted from Baker’s yeast. Protect activates/primes cells in the innate immune system, enabling them to act more rapidly and more effectively*. ...
... is an important nutrient that can only be obtained in very few foods, or in supplements. Wellmune® is a natural ingredient extracted from Baker’s yeast. Protect activates/primes cells in the innate immune system, enabling them to act more rapidly and more effectively*. ...
and NK T cells
... MICA – a non classical MHC that is upregulated on tumor cells and upon heat shock (Wu, J. et. al. J. I. 169:1236). ...
... MICA – a non classical MHC that is upregulated on tumor cells and upon heat shock (Wu, J. et. al. J. I. 169:1236). ...
The Immune System
... • belongs to basic homeostatic mechanisms of organism • Its function is maintaining the integrity of organism by recognition of harmful from harmless, and by this way it protects organism against injurious matter of external and internal origin. ...
... • belongs to basic homeostatic mechanisms of organism • Its function is maintaining the integrity of organism by recognition of harmful from harmless, and by this way it protects organism against injurious matter of external and internal origin. ...
ACQUIRED (SECONDARY) IMMUNODEFICIENCIES
... HIV-1 is by far the most common cause of AIDS, but HIV-2, which differs in genomic structure and antigenicity, causes a similar clinical syndrome ...
... HIV-1 is by far the most common cause of AIDS, but HIV-2, which differs in genomic structure and antigenicity, causes a similar clinical syndrome ...
PepTivator® Melan-A/MART-1 – premium grade
... For in vitro T cell stimulation (refer to 2.4) the cells should be resuspended in culture medium, containing 5% of human serum, at a dilution of 10⁷ cells/mL. The cells should be plated at a density of 5×10⁶ cells/cm². Both the dilution and the cell density are important to assure optimum stimulatio ...
... For in vitro T cell stimulation (refer to 2.4) the cells should be resuspended in culture medium, containing 5% of human serum, at a dilution of 10⁷ cells/mL. The cells should be plated at a density of 5×10⁶ cells/cm². Both the dilution and the cell density are important to assure optimum stimulatio ...
The Inflammatory Response
... – This causes the receptor protein to change shape. Now the signal is changed into another form that the cell can recognize that will cause it to respond in a specific way. – This may occur in multiple steps called a CASCADE. ...
... – This causes the receptor protein to change shape. Now the signal is changed into another form that the cell can recognize that will cause it to respond in a specific way. – This may occur in multiple steps called a CASCADE. ...
Lymphoid cells: Cells of the adaptive immune system
... Function of the thymus: T lymphocytes become activated following the recognition of an antigenic peptide, which is presented to the T lymphocyte on a major histocompatability complex (MHC) molecule by an antigen presenting cell (APC). The antigen presenting cell is usually a dendritic cell, although ...
... Function of the thymus: T lymphocytes become activated following the recognition of an antigenic peptide, which is presented to the T lymphocyte on a major histocompatability complex (MHC) molecule by an antigen presenting cell (APC). The antigen presenting cell is usually a dendritic cell, although ...
Lymphoid Organs and Lymphocyte Trafficking
... 4- Proliferation and recirculation are key events that make sure that there are enough of the right T cell in secondary lymphoid organs to meet other immune cells ( B cells) and provide them with help. ...
... 4- Proliferation and recirculation are key events that make sure that there are enough of the right T cell in secondary lymphoid organs to meet other immune cells ( B cells) and provide them with help. ...
immune response vaccination
... of naïve T cells requires in addition to a ligand for the T cell receptor a second interaction with CD28. This second signal is called "costimulation." Under many conditions, dendritic cells provide this signal during a primary response. ...
... of naïve T cells requires in addition to a ligand for the T cell receptor a second interaction with CD28. This second signal is called "costimulation." Under many conditions, dendritic cells provide this signal during a primary response. ...
immune system
... MHC molecule on the cell surface. A specific helper T cell binds to the displayed complex via its TCR with the aid of CD4. This interaction promotes secretion of cytokines by the dendritic cell. Cytotoxic T cell Peptide antigen ...
... MHC molecule on the cell surface. A specific helper T cell binds to the displayed complex via its TCR with the aid of CD4. This interaction promotes secretion of cytokines by the dendritic cell. Cytotoxic T cell Peptide antigen ...
ch 22 Immunity
... peptide fragments, fusion of vesicles, binding of peptide fragments to MHC-II molecules, and insertion of antigenMHC-II complex into the plasma membrane. 3. Most cells of the body can process and present endogenous antigens, antigens that were synthesized in a body cell (e.g., viral proteins from vi ...
... peptide fragments, fusion of vesicles, binding of peptide fragments to MHC-II molecules, and insertion of antigenMHC-II complex into the plasma membrane. 3. Most cells of the body can process and present endogenous antigens, antigens that were synthesized in a body cell (e.g., viral proteins from vi ...
The Lymphatic System and Immunity Information
... keeping bodily fluids balanced, but it is possible to live without it. It acts as a filter for blood as part of the immune system. Old red blood cells are recycled in the spleen, and platelets and white blood cells are stored there. The spleen also helps fight certain kinds of bacteria. Appendix- Th ...
... keeping bodily fluids balanced, but it is possible to live without it. It acts as a filter for blood as part of the immune system. Old red blood cells are recycled in the spleen, and platelets and white blood cells are stored there. The spleen also helps fight certain kinds of bacteria. Appendix- Th ...
Immunological investigation in Czech patients with
... The AIRE protein functions as a transcription factor or as a transcriptional co-activator that might have an important role in the control of immune recognition. AIRE is expressed in the thymus, lymph node and fetal liver , tissues that have important roles in the maturation of the immune system. AI ...
... The AIRE protein functions as a transcription factor or as a transcriptional co-activator that might have an important role in the control of immune recognition. AIRE is expressed in the thymus, lymph node and fetal liver , tissues that have important roles in the maturation of the immune system. AI ...
Lecture 1- Reticuloendothelial S and Spleen lecture
... nodes to blood-borne antigens. 2. Destruction and processing of antigens. 3. Reservoir of lymphocytes in white pulp. 4. Site for Phagocytosis of bacteria and worn-out blood cells (Slow blood flow in the red pulp cords allows foreign particles to be phagocytosed ) ...
... nodes to blood-borne antigens. 2. Destruction and processing of antigens. 3. Reservoir of lymphocytes in white pulp. 4. Site for Phagocytosis of bacteria and worn-out blood cells (Slow blood flow in the red pulp cords allows foreign particles to be phagocytosed ) ...
Vaksin dan sera
... DNA Vaccines DNA vaccines are at present experimental, but hold promise for future therapy since they will evoke both humoral and cellmediated immunity, without the dangers associated with live virus vaccines. The gene for an antigenic determinant of a pathogenic organism is inserted into a plasmid ...
... DNA Vaccines DNA vaccines are at present experimental, but hold promise for future therapy since they will evoke both humoral and cellmediated immunity, without the dangers associated with live virus vaccines. The gene for an antigenic determinant of a pathogenic organism is inserted into a plasmid ...
Immune Response 101
... Got an intracellular microbe? - How to activate the cell-mediated immune response. The cell-mediated immune response ends up activating microbe-specific CD8 cytotoxic T cells that go on to kill microbe-infected cells. This microbe will have had a part of its replication cycle inside of cells (intra ...
... Got an intracellular microbe? - How to activate the cell-mediated immune response. The cell-mediated immune response ends up activating microbe-specific CD8 cytotoxic T cells that go on to kill microbe-infected cells. This microbe will have had a part of its replication cycle inside of cells (intra ...
Cancer immunotherapy
Cancer immunotherapy (immuno-oncology) is the use of the immune system to treat cancer. Immunotherapies fall into three main groups: cellular, antibody and cytokine. They exploit the fact that cancer cells often have subtly different molecules on their surface that can be detected by the immune system. These molecules, known as cancer antigens, are most commonly proteins, but also include molecules such as carbohydrates. Immunotherapy is used to provoke the immune system into attacking the tumor cells by using these antigens as targets.Antibody therapies are the most successful immunotherapy, treating a wide range of cancers. Antibodies are proteins produced by the immune system that bind to a target antigen on the cell surface. In normal physiology the immune system uses them to fight pathogens. Each antibody is specific to one or a few proteins. Those that bind to cancer antigens are used to treat cancer. Cell surface receptors are common targets for antibody therapies and include the CD20, CD274, and CD279. Once bound to a cancer antigen, antibodies can induce antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity, activate the complement system, or prevent a receptor from interacting with its ligand, all of which can lead to cell death. Multiple antibodies are approved to treat cancer, including Alemtuzumab, Ipilimumab, Nivolumab, Ofatumumab, and Rituximab.Cellular therapies, also known as cancer vaccines, usually involve the removal of immune cells from the blood or from a tumor. Immune cells specific for the tumor are activated, cultured and returned to the patient where the immune cells attack the cancer. Cell types that can be used in this way are natural killer cells, lymphokine-activated killer cells, cytotoxic T cells and dendritic cells. The only cell-based therapy approved in the US is Dendreon's Provenge, for the treatment of prostate cancer.Interleukin-2 and interferon-α are examples of cytokines, proteins that regulate and coordinate the behaviour of the immune system. They have the ability to enhance anti-tumor activity and thus can be used as cancer treatments. Interferon-α is used in the treatment of hairy-cell leukaemia, AIDS-related Kaposi's sarcoma, follicular lymphoma, chronic myeloid leukaemia and malignant melanoma. Interleukin-2 is used in the treatment of malignant melanoma and renal cell carcinoma.