Septic Shock
... • Many people with IgA-deficiency are healthy, with no more than the usual number of infections. Those who do have symptoms typically have recurring ear, sinus, or lung infections that may not respond to regular treatment with antibiotics. People with IgAdeficiency are likely to have other problems ...
... • Many people with IgA-deficiency are healthy, with no more than the usual number of infections. Those who do have symptoms typically have recurring ear, sinus, or lung infections that may not respond to regular treatment with antibiotics. People with IgAdeficiency are likely to have other problems ...
Tissue adaptation: implications for gut immunity and
... (Mackay et al., 2013; Schenkel and Masopust, 2014). TRM cells are derived from effector T cell precursors and can be recruited to several tissues, particularly barrier surfaces, even in the absence of overt inflammation; albeit inflammatory processes can significantly increase TRM cell differentiati ...
... (Mackay et al., 2013; Schenkel and Masopust, 2014). TRM cells are derived from effector T cell precursors and can be recruited to several tissues, particularly barrier surfaces, even in the absence of overt inflammation; albeit inflammatory processes can significantly increase TRM cell differentiati ...
Licentiate thesis from Department of Molecular Biosciences, The
... antigen presenting cells (APC, i.e DC and macrophages), respectively. There are two major subgroups of conventional T cells, namely T (Th) helper cells and T (Tc) cytotoxic cells. They can be distinguished by expression of CD4 and CD8, respectively. Tc cells are involved in cytolytic killing of inf ...
... antigen presenting cells (APC, i.e DC and macrophages), respectively. There are two major subgroups of conventional T cells, namely T (Th) helper cells and T (Tc) cytotoxic cells. They can be distinguished by expression of CD4 and CD8, respectively. Tc cells are involved in cytolytic killing of inf ...
Harnessing Their Therapeutic Potential Natural IgM in Immune
... The B-lineage compartment includes at least three distinct mature B cell subsets: B-1 that constitutively produce nIg, which is most often IgM, but can be IgG and IgA isotypes; marginal zone B cells that are responsible for responses to encapsulated organisms and their nonprotein Ags; and B-2 cells ...
... The B-lineage compartment includes at least three distinct mature B cell subsets: B-1 that constitutively produce nIg, which is most often IgM, but can be IgG and IgA isotypes; marginal zone B cells that are responsible for responses to encapsulated organisms and their nonprotein Ags; and B-2 cells ...
MicroRNAs of the immune system - Laboratory of Lymphocyte Biology
... miRNAs in hematopoietic cells, many of which are expressed specifically in cells and tissues of immune relevance. In fact, cells of the hematopoietic system can be selectively identified from other tissues by their miRNA expression profile; they all express five highly specific miRNAs: miR-142, miR- ...
... miRNAs in hematopoietic cells, many of which are expressed specifically in cells and tissues of immune relevance. In fact, cells of the hematopoietic system can be selectively identified from other tissues by their miRNA expression profile; they all express five highly specific miRNAs: miR-142, miR- ...
A New Strategy of Cancer Immunotherapy Combining Hyperthermia
... to generate more potent DC vaccines than other antigen-loading strategies [21]. Viral oncolysate for DC programming, polarization and TAA information transfer: To create an effective DC vaccine it is important to avoid that the antigen-loaded cells induce tolerance instead of an immune responses. DC ...
... to generate more potent DC vaccines than other antigen-loading strategies [21]. Viral oncolysate for DC programming, polarization and TAA information transfer: To create an effective DC vaccine it is important to avoid that the antigen-loaded cells induce tolerance instead of an immune responses. DC ...
Dynamic Nature of Noncoding RNA Regulation of Adaptive Immune
... of miRNAs could be employed in B- and T lineages to regulate similar effector functions, such as tissue homing and cytokine production [37–40]. In particular, miR-150 is strongly upregulated during human T-cell maturation; its expression is low in DN T-cells, increases in DP and CD8+ cells and is hi ...
... of miRNAs could be employed in B- and T lineages to regulate similar effector functions, such as tissue homing and cytokine production [37–40]. In particular, miR-150 is strongly upregulated during human T-cell maturation; its expression is low in DN T-cells, increases in DP and CD8+ cells and is hi ...
Animal Models of Leishmaniasis Relevant to
... • Only mice with healed primary lesions (live vaccinated mice) were significantly protected against infected sand fly challenge. • Rapidly-recruited, tissue-seeking, multifunctional cytokine-producing CD4+ T cells are the best immune correlates for protection. • These cells likely require persistent ...
... • Only mice with healed primary lesions (live vaccinated mice) were significantly protected against infected sand fly challenge. • Rapidly-recruited, tissue-seeking, multifunctional cytokine-producing CD4+ T cells are the best immune correlates for protection. • These cells likely require persistent ...
Immune Cell Function Assay
... toxicity (e.g., leukopenia, renal failure) and by therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) when available. However, drug levels are not a surrogate for overall drug distribution or efficacy because pharmacokinetics often differs among individuals due to clinical factors such as underlying diagnosis, age, g ...
... toxicity (e.g., leukopenia, renal failure) and by therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) when available. However, drug levels are not a surrogate for overall drug distribution or efficacy because pharmacokinetics often differs among individuals due to clinical factors such as underlying diagnosis, age, g ...
A and B - Sorin Solomon
... surface of soil, and microbes that are very fastidious about oxygen concentration will be found in bands at the appropriate oxygen concentration." Microbes concentrating on a two-dimensional resource may have been more successful than their cousins who tried exploiting a three-dimensional feast.>> ...
... surface of soil, and microbes that are very fastidious about oxygen concentration will be found in bands at the appropriate oxygen concentration." Microbes concentrating on a two-dimensional resource may have been more successful than their cousins who tried exploiting a three-dimensional feast.>> ...
Targeting the PD-1/PD-L1 axis in multiple myeloma
... populations, and a bone marrow microenvironment that promotes immune escape.35-37 The role of the PD-1/PD-L1 pathway in mediating immune escape in MM and the corresponding therapeutic efficacy of PD-1/PD-L1 blockade has emerged as an area of great interest.38 PD-L1 is highly expressed on plasma cells ...
... populations, and a bone marrow microenvironment that promotes immune escape.35-37 The role of the PD-1/PD-L1 pathway in mediating immune escape in MM and the corresponding therapeutic efficacy of PD-1/PD-L1 blockade has emerged as an area of great interest.38 PD-L1 is highly expressed on plasma cells ...
CD4-Transgenic Zebrafish Reveal Tissue-Resident Th2
... response to neutralize particular pathogens (e.g., helminths or fungi) and that are enriched at certain anatomical sites (2). Another important class of CD4+ T cells, regulatory T cells (Tregs), typically characterized by expression of the TF Foxp3 and expression of the anti-inflammatory cytokines I ...
... response to neutralize particular pathogens (e.g., helminths or fungi) and that are enriched at certain anatomical sites (2). Another important class of CD4+ T cells, regulatory T cells (Tregs), typically characterized by expression of the TF Foxp3 and expression of the anti-inflammatory cytokines I ...
100500 T-Cell Function and Migration
... Naive T cells home continuously from the blood to lymph nodes and other secondary lymphoid tissues. Homing to lymph nodes occurs in high endothelial venules (HEV), which express molecules for the constitutive recruitment of lymphocytes. Lymph fluid percolates through the lymph nodes; the fluid is ch ...
... Naive T cells home continuously from the blood to lymph nodes and other secondary lymphoid tissues. Homing to lymph nodes occurs in high endothelial venules (HEV), which express molecules for the constitutive recruitment of lymphocytes. Lymph fluid percolates through the lymph nodes; the fluid is ch ...
The amphioxus immune system
... ancestral molecules involved in the adaptive immunity existed in protochordates (Fig. 2). A fragment of EST with significant similarity to a vertebrate Tcr sequence was found in a cDNA library of adult Branchiostoma lanceolatum (Sato et al., 2003). In particular an ORF encoding a 351 aa long peptide ...
... ancestral molecules involved in the adaptive immunity existed in protochordates (Fig. 2). A fragment of EST with significant similarity to a vertebrate Tcr sequence was found in a cDNA library of adult Branchiostoma lanceolatum (Sato et al., 2003). In particular an ORF encoding a 351 aa long peptide ...
Is there a feudal hierarchy amongst regulatory
... reported that Tregs are dysfunctional in RA as they cannot suppress tumour necrosis factor (TNF)α and interferon (IFN)γ released by responder CD4+ T cells [39]. We and others have also described that therapies that target TNFα, such as infliximab, increase the percentage of Tregs in circulation, and ...
... reported that Tregs are dysfunctional in RA as they cannot suppress tumour necrosis factor (TNF)α and interferon (IFN)γ released by responder CD4+ T cells [39]. We and others have also described that therapies that target TNFα, such as infliximab, increase the percentage of Tregs in circulation, and ...
Functional Switching and Stability of Regulatory T Cells
... Regulatory T cells (Tregs) play a key role in the contraction of the immune response. These cells are recruited and activated during an adaptive immune response and are critical in preventing excessive immune reactions (Sakaguchi 2010). Along with the role they play in contracting a normal immune re ...
... Regulatory T cells (Tregs) play a key role in the contraction of the immune response. These cells are recruited and activated during an adaptive immune response and are critical in preventing excessive immune reactions (Sakaguchi 2010). Along with the role they play in contracting a normal immune re ...
Programme
... -Developing ‘difficult’ vaccines. Relatively ‘easy’ vaccines were the first to be developed. For the remaining vaccines we face complicated and difficult scientific problems that require innovative approaches. Speeding up vaccine development: New infectious diseases are a continuing threat to mankin ...
... -Developing ‘difficult’ vaccines. Relatively ‘easy’ vaccines were the first to be developed. For the remaining vaccines we face complicated and difficult scientific problems that require innovative approaches. Speeding up vaccine development: New infectious diseases are a continuing threat to mankin ...
Intestinal tuft cells
... initiation of type 2 immune responses, which are typically involved during intestinal protozoa or helminth parasite infections, and which are deleteriously activated in allergies.56 Type 2 responses require activation and recruitment of type 2 helper T cells (Th2 cells) and group 2 innate lymphoid c ...
... initiation of type 2 immune responses, which are typically involved during intestinal protozoa or helminth parasite infections, and which are deleteriously activated in allergies.56 Type 2 responses require activation and recruitment of type 2 helper T cells (Th2 cells) and group 2 innate lymphoid c ...
Student Worksheet - The Vaccine Makers Project
... The innate immune response is non-specific. The innate immune response is our first line of defense. The innate immune response is successful in averting most infections. ...
... The innate immune response is non-specific. The innate immune response is our first line of defense. The innate immune response is successful in averting most infections. ...
Licentiate thesis from the Department of Immunology,
... cells result in class switch recombination (CSR). The different isotypes of Ig subclasses that exist are IgM, IgD, IgG, IgE and IgA. Effector functions of the antibodies are mainly promoting opsonization thus phagocytosis of microbes, activating complement proteins or mediating antibody-dependent c ...
... cells result in class switch recombination (CSR). The different isotypes of Ig subclasses that exist are IgM, IgD, IgG, IgE and IgA. Effector functions of the antibodies are mainly promoting opsonization thus phagocytosis of microbes, activating complement proteins or mediating antibody-dependent c ...
Long-lived plasma cells: a mechanism for maintaining persistent
... P l a s m a cell lifespan: s h o r t - or l o n g - l i v e d ? Several early studies determined the lifespan of plasma cells in order to distinguish whether there was a correlation with the longevity of this particular cell type and the persistence of specific serum antibody levels. During the firs ...
... P l a s m a cell lifespan: s h o r t - or l o n g - l i v e d ? Several early studies determined the lifespan of plasma cells in order to distinguish whether there was a correlation with the longevity of this particular cell type and the persistence of specific serum antibody levels. During the firs ...
Interferon???dependent inhibition of B cell activation by bone
... clinical studies suggest that B cell depletion with rituximab improves the clinical manifestations of SLE (4). Bone marrow–derived mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSCs) are a heterogeneous population of selfrenewing and multipotent cells. BM-MSCs can be rapidly expanded in vitro and can differentiate int ...
... clinical studies suggest that B cell depletion with rituximab improves the clinical manifestations of SLE (4). Bone marrow–derived mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSCs) are a heterogeneous population of selfrenewing and multipotent cells. BM-MSCs can be rapidly expanded in vitro and can differentiate int ...
Arachidonic-acid-derived eicosanoids: roles in biology and
... cells are also able to produce eicosanoids, such as PGD2, LTB4 and LTC4 [18]. These diverse lipid mediators can initiate, amplify or dampen inflammatory responses and influence the magnitude, duration and nature of subsequent immune responses. The production of PGs and LTs has been reported for lymp ...
... cells are also able to produce eicosanoids, such as PGD2, LTB4 and LTC4 [18]. These diverse lipid mediators can initiate, amplify or dampen inflammatory responses and influence the magnitude, duration and nature of subsequent immune responses. The production of PGs and LTs has been reported for lymp ...
Adaptive immune system
The adaptive immune system, also known as the acquired immune or, more rarely, as the specific immune system, is a subsystem of the overall immune system that is composed of highly specialized, systemic cells and processes that eliminate or prevent pathogen growth. The adaptive immune system is one of the two main immunity strategies found in vertebrates (the other being the innate immune system). Adaptive immunity creates immunological memory after an initial response to a specific pathogen, leads to an enhanced response to subsequent encounters with that pathogen. This process of acquired immunity is the basis of vaccination. Like the innate system, the adaptive system includes both humoral immunity components and cell-mediated immunity components.Unlike the innate immune system, the adaptive immune system is highly specific to a specific pathogen. Adaptive immunity can also provide long-lasting protection: for example; someone who recovers from measles is now protected against measles for their lifetime but in other cases it does not provide lifetime protection: for example; chickenpox. The adaptive system response destroys invading pathogens and any toxic molecules they produce. Sometimes the adaptive system is unable to distinguish foreign molecules, the effects of this may be hayfever, asthma or any other allergies. Antigens are any substances that elicit the adaptive immune response. The cells that carry out the adaptive immune response are white blood cells known as lymphocytes. Two main broad classes—antibody responses and cell mediated immune response—are also carried by two different lymphocytes (B cells and T cells). In antibody responses, B cells are activated to secrete antibodies, which are proteins also known as immunoglobulins. Antibodies travel through the bloodstream and bind to the foreign antigen causing it to inactivate, which does not allow the antigen to bind to the host.In acquired immunity, pathogen-specific receptors are ""acquired"" during the lifetime of the organism (whereas in innate immunity pathogen-specific receptors are already encoded in the germline). The acquired response is called ""adaptive"" because it prepares the body's immune system for future challenges (though it can actually also be maladaptive when it results in autoimmunity).The system is highly adaptable because of somatic hypermutation (a process of accelerated somatic mutations), and V(D)J recombination (an irreversible genetic recombination of antigen receptor gene segments). This mechanism allows a small number of genes to generate a vast number of different antigen receptors, which are then uniquely expressed on each individual lymphocyte. Because the gene rearrangement leads to an irreversible change in the DNA of each cell, all progeny (offspring) of that cell inherit genes that encode the same receptor specificity, including the memory B cells and memory T cells that are the keys to long-lived specific immunity.A theoretical framework explaining the workings of the acquired immune system is provided by immune network theory. This theory, which builds on established concepts of clonal selection, is being applied in the search for an HIV vaccine.