Wolbachia bacteria in filarial immunity and disease
... promote Th2 development and downregulate Th1 differentiation (68). Clearly the activation of innate immune responses are critical in defining the regulation of acquired immune response through expression of costimulatory molecules and effector cytokines (69). ...
... promote Th2 development and downregulate Th1 differentiation (68). Clearly the activation of innate immune responses are critical in defining the regulation of acquired immune response through expression of costimulatory molecules and effector cytokines (69). ...
Poster
... The extracellular domain of TLR4 (purple/violet) is always in a complex with MD2 (charcoal/silver) on the cell surface (B, above). The binding of LPS causes two TLR-4/MD-2 complexes to interact to form a dimer (C, below). Hydrogen bonding occurs between the R2-OH on LPS and Gln 436 (Royal Blue) on T ...
... The extracellular domain of TLR4 (purple/violet) is always in a complex with MD2 (charcoal/silver) on the cell surface (B, above). The binding of LPS causes two TLR-4/MD-2 complexes to interact to form a dimer (C, below). Hydrogen bonding occurs between the R2-OH on LPS and Gln 436 (Royal Blue) on T ...
INTRODUCTION - HAL
... cytokines or protein kinase activators [52]. NF-B proteins exert a dual role on Th differentiation: cRel regulates Th1 differentiation by T-cell-dependent and APC-dependent mechanisms, whereas the NF-B p50 plays a crucial role in the expression of Gata-3, the master Th2 transcription factor [53]. ...
... cytokines or protein kinase activators [52]. NF-B proteins exert a dual role on Th differentiation: cRel regulates Th1 differentiation by T-cell-dependent and APC-dependent mechanisms, whereas the NF-B p50 plays a crucial role in the expression of Gata-3, the master Th2 transcription factor [53]. ...
Basic Pathological Sciences Syllabus
... Abul K. Abbas, Vinay Kumar, Jon C. Aster and others (Robbins and Cotran Pathologic Basis of Disease, Professional Edition. 9th ed. 2015. Elsevier). Supplementary references have been included, which may either explain details more clearly than the textbook or may contain diagrams that help explain b ...
... Abul K. Abbas, Vinay Kumar, Jon C. Aster and others (Robbins and Cotran Pathologic Basis of Disease, Professional Edition. 9th ed. 2015. Elsevier). Supplementary references have been included, which may either explain details more clearly than the textbook or may contain diagrams that help explain b ...
2009 - Waddensymposium
... Multipotent stromal cells (MSC) are characterized by their capacity to differentiate into bone, fat and cartilage and they are able to moderate immune responses and to enhance engraftment. These characteristics have rendered them interesting candidates for various new cell therapeutic approaches. We ...
... Multipotent stromal cells (MSC) are characterized by their capacity to differentiate into bone, fat and cartilage and they are able to moderate immune responses and to enhance engraftment. These characteristics have rendered them interesting candidates for various new cell therapeutic approaches. We ...
... T cells are designed to recognise the molecular signatures of particular proteins, such as those from bacteria, in order to activate an immune response. Macrophages eat other cells and are able to pull apart their proteins in order to present them to T cells. Macrophages interact with T cells in ord ...
Peer-reviewed Article PDF - e
... many of the sub-systems that perform immune functions share a common heritage, and in particular the serine protease cascades of hemostasis, complement and ontogeny are phylogenetically related [1]. A schematic depiction of the evolutionary development of these systems is shown in Figure 2. In light ...
... many of the sub-systems that perform immune functions share a common heritage, and in particular the serine protease cascades of hemostasis, complement and ontogeny are phylogenetically related [1]. A schematic depiction of the evolutionary development of these systems is shown in Figure 2. In light ...
Tight Interdigitating Developmental Processes within the
... terminally-differentiated epithelial cells, in the thymus. The expression of AIRE and AIREdependent tissue-restricted antigens is severely reduced [34]. In addition, nTreg cells from OS patients showed impaired suppressive activity on Box 3. Aire Aire is a transcription factor which induces ectopic ...
... terminally-differentiated epithelial cells, in the thymus. The expression of AIRE and AIREdependent tissue-restricted antigens is severely reduced [34]. In addition, nTreg cells from OS patients showed impaired suppressive activity on Box 3. Aire Aire is a transcription factor which induces ectopic ...
Neurohormonal-cytokine interactions: Implications for
... Wills-Karp, 2001). The Th2 cytokines IL-4 and IL-13 induce B lymphocytes to express the e-germeline gene transcript, an essential precursor for immunoglobulin heavy chain rearrangement and IgE antibody (Ab) production. IL-5 is selective for eosinophils (Eo) and promotes maturation, activation and pr ...
... Wills-Karp, 2001). The Th2 cytokines IL-4 and IL-13 induce B lymphocytes to express the e-germeline gene transcript, an essential precursor for immunoglobulin heavy chain rearrangement and IgE antibody (Ab) production. IL-5 is selective for eosinophils (Eo) and promotes maturation, activation and pr ...
Synovial lining cell hyperplasia in rheumatoid arthritis
... in animals receiving tritiated thymidine injected directly into the joint with that in animals where the tritiated thymidine was given systemically and localised at first to the bone marrow. The labelling index was 2-5% in the former case, 77% in the latter. Is this process accelerated in rheumatoid ...
... in animals receiving tritiated thymidine injected directly into the joint with that in animals where the tritiated thymidine was given systemically and localised at first to the bone marrow. The labelling index was 2-5% in the former case, 77% in the latter. Is this process accelerated in rheumatoid ...
Azathioprine
... It is important to take azathioprine as directed, have regular blood tests and notify your doctor if you notice the following while taking this medication: fever, rash, easy bruising or bleeding, or signs of an infection. Be sure to talk with your doctor before receiving any vaccines or undergoing a ...
... It is important to take azathioprine as directed, have regular blood tests and notify your doctor if you notice the following while taking this medication: fever, rash, easy bruising or bleeding, or signs of an infection. Be sure to talk with your doctor before receiving any vaccines or undergoing a ...
Mastic gum suppresses secretion of thymic stromal lymphopoietin in
... role of infection in allergic as well as asthma [23]. For example, 60-80% of asthma exacerbations in children and adults are caused by rhinovirus infection. During viral replication, single-stranded (ss) RNA viruses such as rhinovirus produce double-stranded (ds) RNA which is detected as a ‘danger s ...
... role of infection in allergic as well as asthma [23]. For example, 60-80% of asthma exacerbations in children and adults are caused by rhinovirus infection. During viral replication, single-stranded (ss) RNA viruses such as rhinovirus produce double-stranded (ds) RNA which is detected as a ‘danger s ...
Inflammation 5
... Lymphocytes and Plasma Cells • Lymphocytes and macrophages interact in a bidirectional way, and these interactions play an important role in chronic inflammation • Activated T lymphocytes produce cytokines, including IFN-γ, a powerful activator of macrophages, ...
... Lymphocytes and Plasma Cells • Lymphocytes and macrophages interact in a bidirectional way, and these interactions play an important role in chronic inflammation • Activated T lymphocytes produce cytokines, including IFN-γ, a powerful activator of macrophages, ...
Distinct Pathways of Hepatitis C Virus Uptake and - HAL
... not directly targeted by viruses, or when an infecting virus compromises DC function. Two ...
... not directly targeted by viruses, or when an infecting virus compromises DC function. Two ...
The role of autoantibodies in health and disease
... stimulation. These antibodies, called natural antibodies, are particularly IgM isotype, are considered natural autoantibodies (NAA), displaying a moderate affinity for self-antigens. Although incidence of NAA in healthy individuals is not reported, it is established that autoreactive antibodies and ...
... stimulation. These antibodies, called natural antibodies, are particularly IgM isotype, are considered natural autoantibodies (NAA), displaying a moderate affinity for self-antigens. Although incidence of NAA in healthy individuals is not reported, it is established that autoreactive antibodies and ...
Blood
... When the formed elements are removed from blood, what is left is called blood plasma. Plasma consists of about 91.5% water and 8.5% solutes, mostly proteins. The proteins that are confined to blood are known as plasma proteins. Liver cells known as hepatocytes synthesized many of the plasma proteins ...
... When the formed elements are removed from blood, what is left is called blood plasma. Plasma consists of about 91.5% water and 8.5% solutes, mostly proteins. The proteins that are confined to blood are known as plasma proteins. Liver cells known as hepatocytes synthesized many of the plasma proteins ...
Immunology MCQs - Captainjoe.info
... b. in man, atrophy begins in childhood c. T cell generation continues into adult life b 18. Give two examples of MALT (mucosal associated lymphoid tissues): a…………………………….; b……………………………. lamina propria and submucosal areas of gastro-intestinal tract (the Peyer’s patches) respiratory, genitourinary, t ...
... b. in man, atrophy begins in childhood c. T cell generation continues into adult life b 18. Give two examples of MALT (mucosal associated lymphoid tissues): a…………………………….; b……………………………. lamina propria and submucosal areas of gastro-intestinal tract (the Peyer’s patches) respiratory, genitourinary, t ...
Is atherosclerosis an autoimmune disease? Open Access
... Nowadays, atherosclerosis is seen as an inflammatory disease of the arterial vessel [26], and it is therefore not surprising that the chronic inflammatory disorder RA is associated with an increased cardiovascular risk. But autoimmunity also plays a role, because patients with RA who are rheumatoid ...
... Nowadays, atherosclerosis is seen as an inflammatory disease of the arterial vessel [26], and it is therefore not surprising that the chronic inflammatory disorder RA is associated with an increased cardiovascular risk. But autoimmunity also plays a role, because patients with RA who are rheumatoid ...
maturation of humoral immune responses
... T cells share a common progenitor in the BM with B cells; however their development into functionally competent cells takes place in a different organ, the thymus. In the thymic environment the T cell progenitors rearrange the genes coding for their antigen specific receptor. The process in which th ...
... T cells share a common progenitor in the BM with B cells; however their development into functionally competent cells takes place in a different organ, the thymus. In the thymic environment the T cell progenitors rearrange the genes coding for their antigen specific receptor. The process in which th ...
Immunity to brucellosis
... system and Brucella Macrophages and dendritic cells Macrophages and dendritic cells (DCs) play a fundamental role in innate immunity, in recognition and in the induction of robust adaptive immunity against intracellular bacteria such as Brucella spp. Many lines of evidence support the bidirectional ...
... system and Brucella Macrophages and dendritic cells Macrophages and dendritic cells (DCs) play a fundamental role in innate immunity, in recognition and in the induction of robust adaptive immunity against intracellular bacteria such as Brucella spp. Many lines of evidence support the bidirectional ...
Nowrin
... children under 5 years of age. Of the 8.2 million under-five child deaths per year globally, about 3.3 million occur during the neonatal period, in the first four weeks of life, with the highest rates occurring in resource-poor countries. It is especially in Africa and South Asia that the least prog ...
... children under 5 years of age. Of the 8.2 million under-five child deaths per year globally, about 3.3 million occur during the neonatal period, in the first four weeks of life, with the highest rates occurring in resource-poor countries. It is especially in Africa and South Asia that the least prog ...
New families of bioactive oxidized phospholipids generated by
... During immune cell activation, PLA2 hydrolysis of phospholipids releases free arachidonate, which is oxidized by LOX, COX, or cytochrome P450 (CYP) to generate eicosanoids, including prostaglandins E2 and D2, thromboxane A2, leukotrienes, hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acids (HETEs), and others.21,22 Many ...
... During immune cell activation, PLA2 hydrolysis of phospholipids releases free arachidonate, which is oxidized by LOX, COX, or cytochrome P450 (CYP) to generate eicosanoids, including prostaglandins E2 and D2, thromboxane A2, leukotrienes, hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acids (HETEs), and others.21,22 Many ...
... Phenotypic characterization of NANRs, LAMs and FAMs A panel of MoAbs was used to characterize the phenotype of FAMs, LAMs and NANRs. Since the expression of Class II major histocompatibility antigens on the cell surface is critical for accessory cell activity, we determined the number of HLA-DR posi ...
Targeting human CD27 with an agonist antibody stimulates T
... that abolished FcR binding. Mutant 1F5 retained complete CD27-binding activity, but was unable to bind mouse FcRs as demonstrated by Biacore analyses. The mutation completely abrogated the ability of 1F5 to enhance ovalbumin-specific T-cell responses and to exert anticancer effects against the E.G7 ...
... that abolished FcR binding. Mutant 1F5 retained complete CD27-binding activity, but was unable to bind mouse FcRs as demonstrated by Biacore analyses. The mutation completely abrogated the ability of 1F5 to enhance ovalbumin-specific T-cell responses and to exert anticancer effects against the E.G7 ...
Inflammation plays a key role at all stages of the
... role of Th1 immunity in atherosclerosis were based on induction of disease by hypercholesterolemia suggests that the relevant autoantigen is a lipoprotein or possibly a protein modified by lipids. Most attention has focused on the role of oxidized LDL in these processes. Antibodies against oxidized ...
... role of Th1 immunity in atherosclerosis were based on induction of disease by hypercholesterolemia suggests that the relevant autoantigen is a lipoprotein or possibly a protein modified by lipids. Most attention has focused on the role of oxidized LDL in these processes. Antibodies against oxidized ...
Adaptive immune system
The adaptive immune system, also known as the acquired immune or, more rarely, as the specific immune system, is a subsystem of the overall immune system that is composed of highly specialized, systemic cells and processes that eliminate or prevent pathogen growth. The adaptive immune system is one of the two main immunity strategies found in vertebrates (the other being the innate immune system). Adaptive immunity creates immunological memory after an initial response to a specific pathogen, leads to an enhanced response to subsequent encounters with that pathogen. This process of acquired immunity is the basis of vaccination. Like the innate system, the adaptive system includes both humoral immunity components and cell-mediated immunity components.Unlike the innate immune system, the adaptive immune system is highly specific to a specific pathogen. Adaptive immunity can also provide long-lasting protection: for example; someone who recovers from measles is now protected against measles for their lifetime but in other cases it does not provide lifetime protection: for example; chickenpox. The adaptive system response destroys invading pathogens and any toxic molecules they produce. Sometimes the adaptive system is unable to distinguish foreign molecules, the effects of this may be hayfever, asthma or any other allergies. Antigens are any substances that elicit the adaptive immune response. The cells that carry out the adaptive immune response are white blood cells known as lymphocytes. Two main broad classes—antibody responses and cell mediated immune response—are also carried by two different lymphocytes (B cells and T cells). In antibody responses, B cells are activated to secrete antibodies, which are proteins also known as immunoglobulins. Antibodies travel through the bloodstream and bind to the foreign antigen causing it to inactivate, which does not allow the antigen to bind to the host.In acquired immunity, pathogen-specific receptors are ""acquired"" during the lifetime of the organism (whereas in innate immunity pathogen-specific receptors are already encoded in the germline). The acquired response is called ""adaptive"" because it prepares the body's immune system for future challenges (though it can actually also be maladaptive when it results in autoimmunity).The system is highly adaptable because of somatic hypermutation (a process of accelerated somatic mutations), and V(D)J recombination (an irreversible genetic recombination of antigen receptor gene segments). This mechanism allows a small number of genes to generate a vast number of different antigen receptors, which are then uniquely expressed on each individual lymphocyte. Because the gene rearrangement leads to an irreversible change in the DNA of each cell, all progeny (offspring) of that cell inherit genes that encode the same receptor specificity, including the memory B cells and memory T cells that are the keys to long-lived specific immunity.A theoretical framework explaining the workings of the acquired immune system is provided by immune network theory. This theory, which builds on established concepts of clonal selection, is being applied in the search for an HIV vaccine.