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B-cell receptor signal strength and zinc signaling: unraveling the
B-cell receptor signal strength and zinc signaling: unraveling the

... The humoral immune response, alongside cell-mediated immunity, in which B cells play crucial roles, form the primary arms of the adaptive immune system. Resting mature follicular (FO) B cells in the spleen are essential for antibody-mediated immune responses. They recirculate through the blood, and ...
Planet Earth and Its Environment A 5000-million
Planet Earth and Its Environment A 5000-million

... A very large number of B cells will then form many plasma cells, which secrete a much larger amount of antibodies than in the primary response. The effect of this is to destroy the invading antigens before their numbers are large enough to cause any symptoms. www.uic.edu ...
Rheumatoid arthritis and myasthenia gravis as examples of
Rheumatoid arthritis and myasthenia gravis as examples of

... their surface to act as antigen receptors (Barrett ...
Immune System 1
Immune System 1

... The presence of a virus inside an intestinal epithelial cell would most likely be detected by:  a. A T8 cell interacting with a class I MHC protein and an attached fragment of viral protein  b. A T8 cell interacting with a class II MHC protein and an exogenous antigen  c. A T4 cell interacting with  ...
No Slide Title
No Slide Title

... Research, Washington, D.C.). ...
Recombinant Human Erythropoietin (EPO) (carrier-free)
Recombinant Human Erythropoietin (EPO) (carrier-free)

... such as endothelial cells and renal proximal epithelial cells; nevertheless, it has been published that functional erythropoietin receptor is not detected in endothelial, cardiac, neuronal, and renal cells. Several transcriptions factors play a role in the expression of EPOR such as GATA 1, Friend o ...
Antigenic determinant
Antigenic determinant

... presentation of antigen to inducer, or helper , T cells. Examples: macrophage, dendritic cells. Antigen receptor: The specific antigen-binding receptor on T or B lymphocytes; these receptors are transcribed and translated from rearrangements of V genes. Antigenic determinant: A single antigenic site ...
innate immunity
innate immunity

ABO AND RH SYSTEM (Blood Grouping) • LEARNING OBJECTIVE
ABO AND RH SYSTEM (Blood Grouping) • LEARNING OBJECTIVE

Bacterial Pathogenesis
Bacterial Pathogenesis

... – Adaptive Immunity (Ag-specific B & Tcells)  the later stage ...
The Tale of two Herpes Viruses: CMV and EBV
The Tale of two Herpes Viruses: CMV and EBV

Document
Document

... c. Antibody forming cells are isolated from the mouse's spleen. d. Monoclonal antibodies produced by fusing single antibody-forming cells to tumor cells grown in culture which results in a hybridoma. e. Each hybridoma produces large quantities of identical antibody molecules. f. Once a monoclonal an ...
Innate immunity - Fadel Muhammad Garishah, MD
Innate immunity - Fadel Muhammad Garishah, MD

... B. B lymphocytes recognize microbial antigens by their antigen receptors and recognize complement system, to activate the B cells. ...
T cells - Saint Demetrios Astoria School
T cells - Saint Demetrios Astoria School

... Animation: Antibodies © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. ...
The Human Gene AHNAK Encodes a Large
The Human Gene AHNAK Encodes a Large

... E have described previously the identification of a human gene, AHNAK, that appears to encode a protein of exceptional size (c.a. 700 kD) and structure (7). AHNAK was first encountered as one of a group of eDNA clones isolated through subtractive cloning on the basis of differential expression in hu ...
The Human Gene AHNAK Encodes a Large Phosphoprotein
The Human Gene AHNAK Encodes a Large Phosphoprotein

... E have described previously the identification of a human gene, AHNAK, that appears to encode a protein of exceptional size (c.a. 700 kD) and structure (7). AHNAK was first encountered as one of a group of eDNA clones isolated through subtractive cloning on the basis of differential expression in hu ...
3- Opportunistic Infections associated with AIDS
3- Opportunistic Infections associated with AIDS

... people worldwide were living with HIV/AIDS, the majority having been infected by heterosexual contact . 2.0 million people died of AIDS and 2.7 million new infections with HIV occurred, including 370,000 children, many of whom were babies infected perinatally. By the year 2005, the World Health Orga ...
Regulation of the complement system
Regulation of the complement system

Types of White Blood Cells WBCs.
Types of White Blood Cells WBCs.

... T cells come from PHSC and maturate in the thymus. B cells originate from bone marrow PHSC and maturate in the liver and bone marrow. T lymphocytes called the cell-mediated immunity B lymphocytes are known as humoral immunity because they produce anti bodies from plasma cells. ...
Immunology --- prevention and treatment of infectious diseases
Immunology --- prevention and treatment of infectious diseases

... Different subsets of T cells play a variety of functions in immune surveillance ...
Preparation of Vaccines
Preparation of Vaccines

... – Because the microbe does not multiply, a weaker immune response is stimulated vs. live vaccines – larger doses and more boosters are required. ...
Host : Microbial relationships
Host : Microbial relationships

Nerve activates contraction
Nerve activates contraction

... • Another set of proteins that provide nonspecific defenses are the interferons, which are secreted by virus-infected cells. • While they do not seem to benefit the infected cell, these proteins diffuse to neighboring cells and induce them to produce other chemicals that inhibit viral ...
Viral Evasion Strategies
Viral Evasion Strategies

What Causes Infectious Diseases
What Causes Infectious Diseases

... enlarge and multiply. These B-cells turn into cells called plasma cells, which in turn produce antibodies- proteins that destroy or neutralize invading pathogens. The antibodies for a particular pathogen remain in your blood to become active if you encounter the specific pathogen again. T-Cells- The ...
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Molecular mimicry

Molecular mimicry is defined as the theoretical possibility that sequence similarities between foreign and self-peptides are sufficient to result in the cross-activation of autoreactive T or B cells by pathogen-derived peptides. Despite the promiscuity of several peptide sequences which can be both foreign and self in nature, a single antibody or TCR (T cell receptor) can be activated by even a few crucial residues which stresses the importance of structural homology in the theory of molecular mimicry. Upon the activation of B or T cells, it is believed that these ""peptide mimic"" specific T or B cells can cross-react with self-epitopes, thus leading to tissue pathology (autoimmunity). Molecular mimicry is a phenomenon that has been just recently discovered as one of several ways in which autoimmunity can be evoked. A molecular mimicking event is, however, more than an epiphenomenon despite its low statistical probability of occurring and these events have serious implications in the onset of many human autoimmune disorders. In the past decade the study of autoimmunity, the failure to recognize self antigens as ""self,"" has grown immensely. Autoimmunity is a result of a loss of immunological tolerance, the ability for an individual to discriminate between self and non-self. Growth in the field of autoimmunity has resulted in more and more frequent diagnosis of autoimmune diseases. Consequently, recent data show that autoimmune diseases affect approximately 1 in 31 people within the general population. Growth has also led to a greater characterization of what autoimmunity is and how it can be studied and treated. With an increased amount of research, there has been tremendous growth in the study of the several different ways in which autoimmunity can occur, one of which is molecular mimicry. The mechanism by which pathogens have evolved, or obtained by chance, similar amino acid sequences or the homologous three-dimensional crystal structure of immunodominant epitopes remains a mystery.
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