Glutathione Peroxidase Activity
... the simultaneous conversion of reduced glutathione to oxidised glutathione [1]. The origin of the formed H2O2 is primarily the lipid hydroperoxides which are released from membrane phospholipids by the action of phospholipase A2 during an inflammatory reaction; GSHPx de-toxifies this H2O2 by reducin ...
... the simultaneous conversion of reduced glutathione to oxidised glutathione [1]. The origin of the formed H2O2 is primarily the lipid hydroperoxides which are released from membrane phospholipids by the action of phospholipase A2 during an inflammatory reaction; GSHPx de-toxifies this H2O2 by reducin ...
Mitochondrial Functions in Mood Disorders
... Mitochondria are small cellular structures consisting of an outer and inner membrane, an in‐ termembrane space and an intracellular matrix. The outer membrane covers the organelle, the inner membrane folds and forms cristae. This settlement extends the surface and enables plenty of chemical reaction ...
... Mitochondria are small cellular structures consisting of an outer and inner membrane, an in‐ termembrane space and an intracellular matrix. The outer membrane covers the organelle, the inner membrane folds and forms cristae. This settlement extends the surface and enables plenty of chemical reaction ...
From Endoplasmic Reticulum to Mitochondria
... hence connect ATP synthesis in the matrix with ATP consuming reactions outside the mitochondrion (Aquila et al., 1987; Haferkamp et al., 2011). Two further but more distantly related plant specific carriers are also affiliated to the AAC subcluster: the recently identified plasma membrane–located adeny ...
... hence connect ATP synthesis in the matrix with ATP consuming reactions outside the mitochondrion (Aquila et al., 1987; Haferkamp et al., 2011). Two further but more distantly related plant specific carriers are also affiliated to the AAC subcluster: the recently identified plasma membrane–located adeny ...
Introduction to Carbohydrates
... E, & β-carotene, are able to reduce &, thus, detoxify oxygen intermediates in the lab. - Consumption of foods rich in these antioxidant cpds has been correlated with a reduced risk for certain types of cancers, as well as decreased frequency of certain other chronic health problems - Thus, it is tem ...
... E, & β-carotene, are able to reduce &, thus, detoxify oxygen intermediates in the lab. - Consumption of foods rich in these antioxidant cpds has been correlated with a reduced risk for certain types of cancers, as well as decreased frequency of certain other chronic health problems - Thus, it is tem ...
Pineau B, Bourge M, Marion J, Mauve C, Gilard F, Maneta
... of cls mutants are able to develop under low-illumination conditions only, and all three have a slow-growing phenotype. When transferred to soil, they can eventually reach the flowering stage, but they are not fertile. We show that the cls mutant is fully devoid of CL, confirming that CLS activity is ...
... of cls mutants are able to develop under low-illumination conditions only, and all three have a slow-growing phenotype. When transferred to soil, they can eventually reach the flowering stage, but they are not fertile. We show that the cls mutant is fully devoid of CL, confirming that CLS activity is ...
Variation in the link between oxygen consumption and ATP
... with obtaining, assimilating, transforming and allocating resources. The term ‘oxygen consumption rate’ is usually presumed to be related to any, if not all, of these processes. Energy derived from nutrients (carbohydrates, lipids, proteins) becomes usable only after being transformed into high-ener ...
... with obtaining, assimilating, transforming and allocating resources. The term ‘oxygen consumption rate’ is usually presumed to be related to any, if not all, of these processes. Energy derived from nutrients (carbohydrates, lipids, proteins) becomes usable only after being transformed into high-ener ...
The Importance of Cardiolipin Synthase for Mitochondrial
... of cls mutants are able to develop under low-illumination conditions only, and all three have a slow-growing phenotype. When transferred to soil, they can eventually reach the flowering stage, but they are not fertile. We show that the cls mutant is fully devoid of CL, confirming that CLS activity is ...
... of cls mutants are able to develop under low-illumination conditions only, and all three have a slow-growing phenotype. When transferred to soil, they can eventually reach the flowering stage, but they are not fertile. We show that the cls mutant is fully devoid of CL, confirming that CLS activity is ...
Ketone Bodies Mimic the Life Span Extending
... FOXO proteins have evolved additional more complex roles in regulating cellular function and aging including stimulating apoptosis (29) that likely helps prevent tumorigenicity (30). FOXO proteins are modified post-translationally by acetylation and phosphorylation, which are regulated by many facto ...
... FOXO proteins have evolved additional more complex roles in regulating cellular function and aging including stimulating apoptosis (29) that likely helps prevent tumorigenicity (30). FOXO proteins are modified post-translationally by acetylation and phosphorylation, which are regulated by many facto ...
Quantitative iTRAQ Proteomics Revealed Possible Roles for
... However, quantitative information is scarce on protein expression profiles under Al stress in crops. In this study, we report on the identification of potential Al responsive proteins from root tips of Al sensitive BR007 and Al tolerant SC566 sorghum lines using a strategy employing iTRAQ and 2D-liq ...
... However, quantitative information is scarce on protein expression profiles under Al stress in crops. In this study, we report on the identification of potential Al responsive proteins from root tips of Al sensitive BR007 and Al tolerant SC566 sorghum lines using a strategy employing iTRAQ and 2D-liq ...
PDF - The Journal of General Physiology
... The coenzyme nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+), which plays a crucial role in metabolic redox reactions, participates in a feedback loop with the core clock machinery: NAD+ regulates the transcription of clock genes through the NAD+-dependent deacetylase SIRT1, while expression of the rate-li ...
... The coenzyme nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+), which plays a crucial role in metabolic redox reactions, participates in a feedback loop with the core clock machinery: NAD+ regulates the transcription of clock genes through the NAD+-dependent deacetylase SIRT1, while expression of the rate-li ...
Mitochondria-dependent apoptosis and cellular pH regulation
... channel opens, protons and ions equilibrate freely across the inner membrane, and osmotic disequilibrium ensues, resulting in swelling of the matrix space (reviewed in15). Because the inner membrane with its folded cristae has a larger surface area than the surrounding outer membrane, eventually mat ...
... channel opens, protons and ions equilibrate freely across the inner membrane, and osmotic disequilibrium ensues, resulting in swelling of the matrix space (reviewed in15). Because the inner membrane with its folded cristae has a larger surface area than the surrounding outer membrane, eventually mat ...
How to deal with oxygen radicals stemming from mitochondrial fatty
... of the first eukaryotes and later on, several mechanisms evolved to deal with ROS, such as mitochondrial manganesecontaining superoxide dismutase (MnSOD), cytoplasmic copper–zinc-containing superoxide dismutase (CuZnSOD), glutathione-based systems and thioredoxins. For an overview of general and mit ...
... of the first eukaryotes and later on, several mechanisms evolved to deal with ROS, such as mitochondrial manganesecontaining superoxide dismutase (MnSOD), cytoplasmic copper–zinc-containing superoxide dismutase (CuZnSOD), glutathione-based systems and thioredoxins. For an overview of general and mit ...
ER calcium release promotes mitochondrial dysfunction and hepatic
... in high-fat diet (HFD) fed mice revealed similar increases in CAC ...
... in high-fat diet (HFD) fed mice revealed similar increases in CAC ...
H 2 O 2
... • Bax and Bak proteins oligomerize and make a pore in outer mitochondrial membrane • cytochrome c is released into cytosol, binds with inactive caspases and other pro-apoptotic factors - creates apoptosome - and triggers the executive phase ...
... • Bax and Bak proteins oligomerize and make a pore in outer mitochondrial membrane • cytochrome c is released into cytosol, binds with inactive caspases and other pro-apoptotic factors - creates apoptosome - and triggers the executive phase ...
Mitochondria and energy production
... Oxygen is an atypical molecule (Fig. 1). Although it is a diradical, its two unpaired electrons are located on different orbitals and have a parallel spin, making oxygen a relatively stable molecule [2]. Yet, oxygen is avid for electrons. Its incomplete reduction by one, two or three successive elec ...
... Oxygen is an atypical molecule (Fig. 1). Although it is a diradical, its two unpaired electrons are located on different orbitals and have a parallel spin, making oxygen a relatively stable molecule [2]. Yet, oxygen is avid for electrons. Its incomplete reduction by one, two or three successive elec ...
Powerpoint
... ß-strands. Two heterodimers fit together with formation of a 12-stranded ß-sheet that is sandwiched by a helices. N and C termini of the small and large protease subunits are indicated ...
... ß-strands. Two heterodimers fit together with formation of a 12-stranded ß-sheet that is sandwiched by a helices. N and C termini of the small and large protease subunits are indicated ...
Mitochondria and mammalian reproduction
... (OXPHOS) by the activity of the electron transfer chain (ETC) on the inner mitochondrial membrane, composed of four inner membrane (IMM)-associated enzyme complexes (I–IV), plus cytochrome c (Cytc) and the mobile electron carrier ubiquinone (Q). This electron transfer generates a proton gradient acr ...
... (OXPHOS) by the activity of the electron transfer chain (ETC) on the inner mitochondrial membrane, composed of four inner membrane (IMM)-associated enzyme complexes (I–IV), plus cytochrome c (Cytc) and the mobile electron carrier ubiquinone (Q). This electron transfer generates a proton gradient acr ...
Free Radicals, Oxidative Stress, and Diseases
... H2O2 may occur in part through suppression of phosphatases involved in JNK inactivation. 3.3. Sources of Hydroxyl Radical Most of the hydroxyl radical (HO.) generated in vivo, except for that during excessive exposure to ionizing radiation, originates from the breakdown ...
... H2O2 may occur in part through suppression of phosphatases involved in JNK inactivation. 3.3. Sources of Hydroxyl Radical Most of the hydroxyl radical (HO.) generated in vivo, except for that during excessive exposure to ionizing radiation, originates from the breakdown ...
Mitochondrial Membrane Potential in Cardiac
... appear to participate in aging and aging-associated pathology. In the mitochondria and the cytosol, both enzymatic and non-enzymatic systems are available, which serve to decrease the reactive oxygen species steady-state concentration. It has been shown that a very important factor involved in the r ...
... appear to participate in aging and aging-associated pathology. In the mitochondria and the cytosol, both enzymatic and non-enzymatic systems are available, which serve to decrease the reactive oxygen species steady-state concentration. It has been shown that a very important factor involved in the r ...
Mitochondrial dysfunction and molecular pathways of
... pathophysiological mechanisms in common, namely reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, the accumulation of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) damage, resulting in mitochondrial dysfunction. Antioxidant therapies hold promise for improving mitochondrial performance. Physicians seeking systematic treatments ...
... pathophysiological mechanisms in common, namely reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, the accumulation of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) damage, resulting in mitochondrial dysfunction. Antioxidant therapies hold promise for improving mitochondrial performance. Physicians seeking systematic treatments ...
The role of mitochondrial hexokinase II in ischemia - UvA-DARE
... possibly damaging consequence as a burst of reactive oxygen species (ROS) arises (64; 81). This is possibly due to damaged electron chain components leading to the generation of superoxide. These detrimental ROS produced during early reperfusion are thought to be an important activator of the mPTP ( ...
... possibly damaging consequence as a burst of reactive oxygen species (ROS) arises (64; 81). This is possibly due to damaged electron chain components leading to the generation of superoxide. These detrimental ROS produced during early reperfusion are thought to be an important activator of the mPTP ( ...
Protective mechanism of reduced water against alloxan
... Abstract Reactive oxygen species (ROS) cause irreversible damage to biological macromolecules, resulting in many diseases. Reduced water (RW) such as hydrogen-rich electrolyzed reduced water and natural reduced waters like Hita Tenryosui water in Japan and Nordenau water in Germany that are known to ...
... Abstract Reactive oxygen species (ROS) cause irreversible damage to biological macromolecules, resulting in many diseases. Reduced water (RW) such as hydrogen-rich electrolyzed reduced water and natural reduced waters like Hita Tenryosui water in Japan and Nordenau water in Germany that are known to ...
Diabetes and Mitochondria
... Mitochondrion contains double-membrane organelles with multiple essential cellular functions. The mitochondria-specific proteins are encoded and con-trolled by both the nuclear and mitochondrial genomes [2]. Mitochondria are always recognized for the role in generating cellular adenosine 5'-triphosp ...
... Mitochondrion contains double-membrane organelles with multiple essential cellular functions. The mitochondria-specific proteins are encoded and con-trolled by both the nuclear and mitochondrial genomes [2]. Mitochondria are always recognized for the role in generating cellular adenosine 5'-triphosp ...
Inborn defects in the antioxidant systems of human red blood cells
... causes a continuous but limited intracellular production of superoxide (O2d ) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in these cells [2]. Oxidative damage to proteins and membrane lipids gradually impairs RBC function and is a major cause of cell aging [3,4]. RBCs not only lack mitochondria but also do not p ...
... causes a continuous but limited intracellular production of superoxide (O2d ) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in these cells [2]. Oxidative damage to proteins and membrane lipids gradually impairs RBC function and is a major cause of cell aging [3,4]. RBCs not only lack mitochondria but also do not p ...
Reactive oxygen species
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are chemically reactive molecules containing oxygen. Examples include peroxides. superoxide, hydroxyl radical, and singlet oxygen.ROS are formed as a natural byproduct of the normal metabolism of oxygen and have important roles in cell signaling and homeostasis. However, during times of environmental stress (e.g., UV or heat exposure), ROS levels can increase dramatically. This may result in significant damage to cell structures. Cumulatively, this is known as oxidative stress. ROS are also generated by exogenous sources such as ionizing radiation.