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Diffuse optical imaging
Diffuse optical imaging

... Arguably the most successful series of studies has been that performed by the Hitachi Medical Corporation (Tokyo, Japan) using their ETG-100 system (Koizumi et al. 2003). This optical topography system (Yamashita et al. 1999) uses eight laser diodes at 780 nm and eight at 830 nm and eight avalanche ...
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... The macular pigment (MP) is a yellow pigment found in the human fovea in both the inner and outer layers of the retina, and located along the axons of the cone photoreceptors [1]. It is mainly composed of two xanthophylls, lutein and zeaxanthin [2]. MP has a peak absorption wavelength at 460 nm but ...
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Optically induced forces in scanning probe microscopy

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Optical rogue waves

Optical rogue waves are rare pulses of light analogous to rogue or freak ocean waves. The term optical rogue waves was coined to describe rare pulses of broadband light arising during the process of supercontinuum generation—a noise-sensitive nonlinear process in which extremely broadband radiation is generated from a narrowband input waveform—in nonlinear optical fiber. In this context, optical rogue waves are characterized by an anomalous surplus in energy at particular wavelengths (e.g., those shifted to the red of the input waveform) and/or an unexpected peak power. These anomalous events have been shown to follow heavy-tailed statistics, also known as L-shaped statistics, fat-tailed statistics, or extreme-value statistics. These probability distributions are characterized by long tails: large outliers occur rarely, yet much more frequently than expected from Gaussian statistics and intuition. Such distributions also describe the probabilities of freak ocean waves and various phenomena in both the man-made and natural worlds. Despite their infrequency, rare events wield significant influence in many systems. Aside from the statistical similarities, light waves traveling in optical fibers are known to obey the similar mathematics as water waves traveling in the open ocean (the nonlinear Schrödinger equation), supporting the analogy between oceanic rogue waves and their optical counterparts. More generally, research has exposed a number of different analogies between extreme events in optics and hydrodynamic systems. A key practical difference is that most optical experiments can be done with a table-top apparatus, offer a high degree of experimental control, and allow data to be acquired extremely rapidly. Consequently, optical rogue waves are attractive for experimental and theoretical research and have become a highly studied phenomenon. The particulars of the analogy between extreme waves in optics and hydrodynamics may vary depending on the context, but the existence of rare events and extreme statistics in wave-related phenomena are common ground.
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