Thermochemistry
... energy as the spring expands outward, as shown in Figure 6.2 . When you burn natural gas in a furnace, the chemical energy of the natural gas molecules becomes thermal energy that increases the temperature of the air. A good way to understand and track energy changes is to define the system under i ...
... energy as the spring expands outward, as shown in Figure 6.2 . When you burn natural gas in a furnace, the chemical energy of the natural gas molecules becomes thermal energy that increases the temperature of the air. A good way to understand and track energy changes is to define the system under i ...
Topic 9 Reduction and Oxidation File
... A powerful technique for balancing oxidation-reduction equations involves dividing these reactions into separate oxidation and reduction half-reactions. We then balance the halfreactions, one at a time, and combine them so that electrons are neither created nor destroyed in the reaction. The steps i ...
... A powerful technique for balancing oxidation-reduction equations involves dividing these reactions into separate oxidation and reduction half-reactions. We then balance the halfreactions, one at a time, and combine them so that electrons are neither created nor destroyed in the reaction. The steps i ...
The First Law of Thermodynamics Does Not Predict Spontaneous
... Perhaps the sign of the enthalpy change (H), the heat gained or lost at constant pressure (qp), is the criterion for spontaneity; in fact, leading scientists thought so through most of the 19th century. If so, we would expect exothermic processes ( H < 0) to be spontaneous and endothermic processe ...
... Perhaps the sign of the enthalpy change (H), the heat gained or lost at constant pressure (qp), is the criterion for spontaneity; in fact, leading scientists thought so through most of the 19th century. If so, we would expect exothermic processes ( H < 0) to be spontaneous and endothermic processe ...
Physical chemistry and transition elements 5.1 Rates, equilibrium
... ∆S is the entropy change for the reaction (measured in J mol−1 K−1) [1] T is temperature in K Both units and definition needed for each mark. (i) Endothermic reactions have a +∆H value [1]. For an endothermic reaction to be feasible ∆G must be negative [1]. This means that if ∆S is positive and T is ...
... ∆S is the entropy change for the reaction (measured in J mol−1 K−1) [1] T is temperature in K Both units and definition needed for each mark. (i) Endothermic reactions have a +∆H value [1]. For an endothermic reaction to be feasible ∆G must be negative [1]. This means that if ∆S is positive and T is ...
AP Chemistry Lab Manual
... 1. On most every lab you will have prelab instructions. If it has you read, read carefully as there will often times be a quiz over that content. If there are questions you are supposed to answer, do them on a separate sheet of paper and hand them in as your ticket into lab. If there is a code word ...
... 1. On most every lab you will have prelab instructions. If it has you read, read carefully as there will often times be a quiz over that content. If there are questions you are supposed to answer, do them on a separate sheet of paper and hand them in as your ticket into lab. If there is a code word ...
Document
... moles of particles that is important, not the identity or composition of the individual gas particles. – This idea is illustrated in Fig. 5.9. – At this point we need to define the mole fraction: the ratio of the number of moles of a given component in a mixture to the total number of moles in the m ...
... moles of particles that is important, not the identity or composition of the individual gas particles. – This idea is illustrated in Fig. 5.9. – At this point we need to define the mole fraction: the ratio of the number of moles of a given component in a mixture to the total number of moles in the m ...
File
... 1. On most every lab you will have prelab instructions. If it has you read, read carefully as there will often times be a quiz over that content. If there are questions you are supposed to answer, do them on a separate sheet of paper and hand them in as your ticket into lab. If there is a code word ...
... 1. On most every lab you will have prelab instructions. If it has you read, read carefully as there will often times be a quiz over that content. If there are questions you are supposed to answer, do them on a separate sheet of paper and hand them in as your ticket into lab. If there is a code word ...
REDOX EQUILIBRIA SL - chemistryatdulwich
... By carrying out a series of displacement reactions, which follow the pattern shown below, between metal atoms and metal ions, a series of reactivity can be deduced with the strongest reducing agent at the top as the most reactive metal. XCl (aq) + Y (s) NaY (aq) + X If the reaction above is feasi ...
... By carrying out a series of displacement reactions, which follow the pattern shown below, between metal atoms and metal ions, a series of reactivity can be deduced with the strongest reducing agent at the top as the most reactive metal. XCl (aq) + Y (s) NaY (aq) + X If the reaction above is feasi ...
Ch. 18 Class PowerPoint
... Na (aq ) + Cl (aq ) + Ag (aq ) + NO3 (aq ) Na (aq ) + NO3 (aq ) + AgCl(s ) • If chemically equivalent amounts of the two solutes are mixed, almost all of the Ag+ ions and Cl− ions combine and separate from the solution as a precipitate of AgCl. • AgCl is only very sparingly soluble in water. ...
... Na (aq ) + Cl (aq ) + Ag (aq ) + NO3 (aq ) Na (aq ) + NO3 (aq ) + AgCl(s ) • If chemically equivalent amounts of the two solutes are mixed, almost all of the Ag+ ions and Cl− ions combine and separate from the solution as a precipitate of AgCl. • AgCl is only very sparingly soluble in water. ...
A new and Economical Electrolytic Process
... process is operated at high temperatures (400-450 °C). The process is limited to 6080% single pass conversions and also results in the production of a mole of water for every mole of chlorine. There have been three commercial chlorine recycle processes based on reaction 2 but using different catalys ...
... process is operated at high temperatures (400-450 °C). The process is limited to 6080% single pass conversions and also results in the production of a mole of water for every mole of chlorine. There have been three commercial chlorine recycle processes based on reaction 2 but using different catalys ...
Topic 7.2 Equilibrium The Position of Equilibrium
... What effect does increasing the temperature have on the equilibrium? •Increasing the temperature causes the reaction to shift to use up some of the added heat (endothermic rx). •The reaction as written is exothermic so the endothermic rx is from right to left. The rx will shift left. •[N2] increases ...
... What effect does increasing the temperature have on the equilibrium? •Increasing the temperature causes the reaction to shift to use up some of the added heat (endothermic rx). •The reaction as written is exothermic so the endothermic rx is from right to left. The rx will shift left. •[N2] increases ...
2008 FALL Semester Midterm Examination For
... Please take a good use of the reference materials (Page 9 and 10), which include (a) Fundamental constants, (b) Conversion factors, and (c) Atomic weights of the elements. No questions are allowed during the exam. You are not allowed to leave during the exam. You have to hold your nature call. Pleas ...
... Please take a good use of the reference materials (Page 9 and 10), which include (a) Fundamental constants, (b) Conversion factors, and (c) Atomic weights of the elements. No questions are allowed during the exam. You are not allowed to leave during the exam. You have to hold your nature call. Pleas ...
Werner Mormann Mohamed Al
... DMSO was used as reaction medium. Dicke [7] reported regioselective acylation of the hydroxy group in the 2-position of starch working in DMSO as solvent for starch when the reaction was carried out at 40-70°C with 2% disodium hydrogenphosphate as catalyst. The results in Tab. 2 show that a DS of 1. ...
... DMSO was used as reaction medium. Dicke [7] reported regioselective acylation of the hydroxy group in the 2-position of starch working in DMSO as solvent for starch when the reaction was carried out at 40-70°C with 2% disodium hydrogenphosphate as catalyst. The results in Tab. 2 show that a DS of 1. ...
Thermodynamics: Entropy and Free Energy
... entropy of a substance depends on its physical state. The liquid phase of a substance has higher entropy than the solid form at the same temperature, and the gas phase has much higher entropy than the liquid phase at the same temperature. Thus, the increase in entropy when water vaporizes is much gr ...
... entropy of a substance depends on its physical state. The liquid phase of a substance has higher entropy than the solid form at the same temperature, and the gas phase has much higher entropy than the liquid phase at the same temperature. Thus, the increase in entropy when water vaporizes is much gr ...
Differentiated Chemistry Worksheet and Laboratory
... The mass of cobalt-60 in a sample is found to have decreased from 0.800 g to 0.200 g in a period of 10.5 years. Find the half-life of cobalt-60 and calculate how many years it will take for 0.200 g of cobalt-60 to decrease in the sample to 0.149 g. ...
... The mass of cobalt-60 in a sample is found to have decreased from 0.800 g to 0.200 g in a period of 10.5 years. Find the half-life of cobalt-60 and calculate how many years it will take for 0.200 g of cobalt-60 to decrease in the sample to 0.149 g. ...
Pre-Lab Questions
... that is less dense, in this case the oil, floats above the other liquid. Density is the mass of a substance per unit volume. The density of any substance is a ratio and may be calculated by dividing the mass of the sample by its volume. mass density = volume The most common units of measurement for ...
... that is less dense, in this case the oil, floats above the other liquid. Density is the mass of a substance per unit volume. The density of any substance is a ratio and may be calculated by dividing the mass of the sample by its volume. mass density = volume The most common units of measurement for ...
Nature of Materials in Serum That Interfere inthe Glucose Oxidase
... 5.0-ml fractions were collected. Each fraction was divided into two 2.0-ml aliquots. To each aliquot, 2.0 ml of peroxidase-odianisidine reagent solution was added. To one of the aliquots, 0.1 ml of standard glucose was added, to the other 0.1 ml of the phosphate buffer. To initiate the reaction, we ...
... 5.0-ml fractions were collected. Each fraction was divided into two 2.0-ml aliquots. To each aliquot, 2.0 ml of peroxidase-odianisidine reagent solution was added. To one of the aliquots, 0.1 ml of standard glucose was added, to the other 0.1 ml of the phosphate buffer. To initiate the reaction, we ...
AP Chemistry Curriculum Map - Belle Vernon Area School District
... CHEM. B.2.1.3 – Classify reactions as synthesis, decomposition, single replacement, double replacement, or combustion. CHEM.B.2.1.4 – Predict products of simple chemical reactions (e.g., synthesis, decomposition, single replacement, double replacement, combustion). Standard: 3.2.C.A4 – Use stoic ...
... CHEM. B.2.1.3 – Classify reactions as synthesis, decomposition, single replacement, double replacement, or combustion. CHEM.B.2.1.4 – Predict products of simple chemical reactions (e.g., synthesis, decomposition, single replacement, double replacement, combustion). Standard: 3.2.C.A4 – Use stoic ...
To do List
... exchange of anions and cations between two compounds; for example, AgNO3(aq) + KI(aq) -----> KNO(aq) + AgI(s) ...
... exchange of anions and cations between two compounds; for example, AgNO3(aq) + KI(aq) -----> KNO(aq) + AgI(s) ...
Stoichiometry
Stoichiometry /ˌstɔɪkiˈɒmɨtri/ is the calculation of relative quantities of reactants and products in chemical reactions.Stoichiometry is founded on the law of conservation of mass where the total mass of the reactants equals the total mass of the products leading to the insight that the relations among quantities of reactants and products typically form a ratio of positive integers. This means that if the amounts of the separate reactants are known, then the amount of the product can be calculated. Conversely, if one reactant has a known quantity and the quantity of product can be empirically determined, then the amount of the other reactants can also be calculated.As seen in the image to the right, where the balanced equation is:CH4 + 2 O2 → CO2 + 2 H2O.Here, one molecule of methane reacts with two molecules of oxygen gas to yield one molecule of carbon dioxide and two molecules of water. Stoichiometry measures these quantitative relationships, and is used to determine the amount of products/reactants that are produced/needed in a given reaction. Describing the quantitative relationships among substances as they participate in chemical reactions is known as reaction stoichiometry. In the example above, reaction stoichiometry measures the relationship between the methane and oxygen as they react to form carbon dioxide and water.Because of the well known relationship of moles to atomic weights, the ratios that are arrived at by stoichiometry can be used to determine quantities by weight in a reaction described by a balanced equation. This is called composition stoichiometry.Gas stoichiometry deals with reactions involving gases, where the gases are at a known temperature, pressure, and volume and can be assumed to be ideal gases. For gases, the volume ratio is ideally the same by the ideal gas law, but the mass ratio of a single reaction has to be calculated from the molecular masses of the reactants and products. In practice, due to the existence of isotopes, molar masses are used instead when calculating the mass ratio.