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Wilson Disease DNA Microarray and Diagnosis
Wilson Disease DNA Microarray and Diagnosis

... of these can cause impaired cell functions and eventually cell death. Their levels in our body are tightly regulated by critical enzyme systems1,2 whose imbalance could be due to a defect in one or more genes. We are born with about 21000 genes and the total gene coding regions constitute about 2% o ...
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... proteins needed for conjugation.  Pilin protein forms sex pilus, which attaches to the receptors on the surface of recipient female ...
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... A molecule of messenger RNA (mRNA) has just been synthesized in the nucleus of a human cell. a) What types of modifications may occur to this RNA before it leaves the nucleus? b) Once in the cytoplasm, how is the mRNA translated to a protein? c) If the cell is a secretory cell, how is the protein fr ...
Modern Genetics Meets the Dodo and the Solitaire
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... are inherited and can be followed through different generations of a family by using a pedigree. Other genetic disorders, such as cancer, are caused by mutations that occur during a person’s lifetime. ...
Bio 1B, Spring, 2007, Evolution section 1 of 3 Updated 3/2/07 9:50
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Classic Methods of Genetic Analysis
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... human parent has 23 PAIRS of chromosomes. They randomly “give” one of each pair to their offspring through the process of meiosis and then fertilization, thus mixing up which chromosomes the offspring get. So variation is caused by (a) how the chromosome line up in meiosis, (b) crossing over during ...
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Mutation



In biology, a mutation is a permanent change of the nucleotide sequence of the genome of an organism, virus, or extrachromosomal DNA or other genetic elements. Mutations result from damage to DNA which is not repaired or to RNA genomes (typically caused by radiation or chemical mutagens), errors in the process of replication, or from the insertion or deletion of segments of DNA by mobile genetic elements. Mutations may or may not produce discernible changes in the observable characteristics (phenotype) of an organism. Mutations play a part in both normal and abnormal biological processes including: evolution, cancer, and the development of the immune system, including junctional diversity.Mutation can result in several different types of change in sequences. Mutations in genes can either have no effect, alter the product of a gene, or prevent the gene from functioning properly or completely. Mutations can also occur in nongenic regions. One study on genetic variations between different species of Drosophila suggests that, if a mutation changes a protein produced by a gene, the result is likely to be harmful, with an estimated 70 percent of amino acid polymorphisms that have damaging effects, and the remainder being either neutral or weakly beneficial. Due to the damaging effects that mutations can have on genes, organisms have mechanisms such as DNA repair to prevent or correct mutations by reverting the mutated sequence back to its original state.
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