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Semester Exam Review File
Semester Exam Review File

... Why are Nitrogenous bases important? Draw the structure of a Nucleotide. What kind of biomolecule is DNA? What is the function of Cell Division? What kinds of cells perform cell division, especially mitosis? Develop a concept map that shows the steps of cell division and describe their main function ...
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No Slide Title

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... Be able to use an mRNA decoder wheel to determine the amino acid sequence if given an mRNA message. What happens in TRANSLATION? = protein synthesis making proteins from RNA message (RNA→ protein) How do the 3 kinds of RNA work together to complete this process? Ribosomal RNA forms the ribosome Mess ...
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Mutation



In biology, a mutation is a permanent change of the nucleotide sequence of the genome of an organism, virus, or extrachromosomal DNA or other genetic elements. Mutations result from damage to DNA which is not repaired or to RNA genomes (typically caused by radiation or chemical mutagens), errors in the process of replication, or from the insertion or deletion of segments of DNA by mobile genetic elements. Mutations may or may not produce discernible changes in the observable characteristics (phenotype) of an organism. Mutations play a part in both normal and abnormal biological processes including: evolution, cancer, and the development of the immune system, including junctional diversity.Mutation can result in several different types of change in sequences. Mutations in genes can either have no effect, alter the product of a gene, or prevent the gene from functioning properly or completely. Mutations can also occur in nongenic regions. One study on genetic variations between different species of Drosophila suggests that, if a mutation changes a protein produced by a gene, the result is likely to be harmful, with an estimated 70 percent of amino acid polymorphisms that have damaging effects, and the remainder being either neutral or weakly beneficial. Due to the damaging effects that mutations can have on genes, organisms have mechanisms such as DNA repair to prevent or correct mutations by reverting the mutated sequence back to its original state.
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