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Electronic materials and components
Electronic materials and components

... Capacitor values are measured in farads (symbol F), but practical capacitors have values which are many orders of magnitude smaller: µF (microfarad = one-millionth of a farad); nF (nanofarad = one-thousand-millionth of a farad); pF (picofarad or 'puff' = one-million-millionth of a farad). Inductor ...
continuous
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KSX  SElF-rEgUlATing	HEATing	CAblE ™
KSX SElF-rEgUlATing HEATing CAblE ™

... 1. Maximum circuit lengths shown are based on an instantaneous trip current characteristic per IEC 60898 at the referenced start-up temperature and a 10°C maintenance temperature. For maximum circuit lengths with other trip current characteristics contact Thermon. 2. While a heat tracing system is g ...
Raychem Testing Locating Faults Engineering Specifications
Raychem Testing Locating Faults Engineering Specifications

... Fault type: Short to ground Equipment required: High resistance cable fault locator The high resistance cable fault locator is used to locate a "short to ground" where the conductor continuity is okay, but insulation resistance is less than 1 MΩ. These instruments are usually based on a Wheatstone b ...
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File

... In a parallel series, each line of wire has a different amount of amps. When added the amps together, you get the total amount of amps in the entire circuit. Amps3 = 1A ...
WEBENCH Altium Connector User's Manual ®
WEBENCH Altium Connector User's Manual ®

... iterations are reached without convergence at any time-point, the time-step size will be reduced and convergence attempted again at an earlier time point. In other words, the transient analysis backs up. Backups due to reaching this iteration limit usually indicates other problems in the circuit or ...
Circuit calculations
Circuit calculations

Thevenin and Norton
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Smart grid data analytics for digital protective
Smart grid data analytics for digital protective

... including information systems and communications developments, have changed business and organizational practices beyond all expectations (Sage and Rouse 1999). All around us, information is continuously being digitized, moved around, archived, and converted into usable knowledge. Protective relays ...
Effect of Neutral Grounding Methods on the Earth Fault
Effect of Neutral Grounding Methods on the Earth Fault

... in a short circuit fault. The second is a failure that results in an interruption of current flow. Short circuit faults can occur between phases, or between phases and earth, or both. When the system is grounded by a low resistance or directly (solidly) grounded, the fault current will be very large ...
External Disconnect Switches - Infiltrator Water Technologies
External Disconnect Switches - Infiltrator Water Technologies

... damage caused by power overloads or power short circuits. They are not designed to protect system components against lightning events or voltage surges. Due to the short length of this type of event, a fuse or varistor are better designed for this application. Article 409 of the U.S. National Electr ...
QuikTrak Hybrid Transponder Installation Instructions
QuikTrak Hybrid Transponder Installation Instructions

... The QuikTrak Hybrid Transponder (QHT) is a tracking device principally designed for use in vehicles. It operates on a Quiktrak Network and can use either a Quiktrak spread spectrum transmission or GPS coordinates to generate location information for the end user. It has a duress function, one genera ...
G59 Application for connection of generation plant to distribution
G59 Application for connection of generation plant to distribution

... This is a formal written offer to provide connection to Electricity North West Ltd’s distribution system. The offer will set out the terms and connection charge for making the connection. The offer may be accepted in accordance with our terms at any time within the validity period of the offer provi ...
DNV-RP-D102: Failure Mode and Effect Analysis (FMEA) of
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... A typical benign failure mode is loss of power output, whereas overvoltage will be considered as a non-benign failure mode. There is a need to define which possible states a system may enter into after a failure. It cannot be assumed that a system or component is simply lost (absence of function). T ...
section 16412 low voltage molded case circuit breakers
section 16412 low voltage molded case circuit breakers

BDTIC KP21x/MAP Integrated Pressure Sensor IC for Manifold Air Pressure Measurement Applications
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... Integrated Pressure Sensor IC for Manifold Air Pressure Measurement Applications The manifold air pressure (MAP) is an important parameter to compute the airfuel ratio provided to the engine for lower emission due to better combustion and increased efficiency. For cost sensitive engine systems a MAP ...
Negative Sequence: How to Use It
Negative Sequence: How to Use It

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Technical Brief - DC Circuit Protection

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Power Sources On The Car ELECTRICAL

... fed current by the power source, and the current flows through a switch and an electromagnetic coil to ground. The power circuit is also fed current from the power source, and the current flows to an armature which can be attracted by the magnetic force on the coil. In operation, when the control ci ...
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Document

... To reduce harmonic distortion and overheating problems, the best wiring method is one in which each circuit has its own neutral conductor (no shared ...
( ) R-L-C Circuits and Resonant Circuits
( ) R-L-C Circuits and Resonant Circuits

... Ideally, the frequency response is flat over 20-20,000 Hz, and rolls off sharply at frequencies below 20 Hz and above 20,000 Hz. Set 3 dB points as follows: lower 3 dB point : 20 Hz = 1/2πR1 C1 upper 3 dB point: 2x104 Hz = 1/2πR2 C2 If we put these two filters together we don't want the 2nd stage to ...
microsense - Tek Chile
microsense - Tek Chile

... The use of a microprocessor combines high performance with ease of use in a compact unit. Primarily intended for parking/barrier applications, this unit will find other uses including traffic and security. Exceptional noise immunity and reliability enables this unit to function in normally unaccepta ...
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Dominic Fornicola INPUT DEVICE- piece of computer hardware used to
Dominic Fornicola INPUT DEVICE- piece of computer hardware used to

... SPYWARE-software that enables a user to obtain covert information about another’s computer activities by transmitting data covertly from their hard drive ...
RevF_540c
RevF_540c

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Fault tolerance



Fault tolerance is the property that enables a system to continue operating properly in the event of the failure of (or one or more faults within) some of its components. If its operating quality decreases at all, the decrease is proportional to the severity of the failure, as compared to a naively designed system in which even a small failure can cause total breakdown. Fault tolerance is particularly sought after in high-availability or life-critical systems.A fault-tolerant design enables a system to continue its intended operation, possibly at a reduced level, rather than failing completely, when some part of the system fails. The term is most commonly used to describe computer systems designed to continue more or less fully operational with, perhaps, a reduction in throughput or an increase in response time in the event of some partial failure. That is, the system as a whole is not stopped due to problems either in the hardware or the software. An example in another field is a motor vehicle designed so it will continue to be drivable if one of the tires is punctured. A structure is able to retain its integrity in the presence of damage due to causes such as fatigue, corrosion, manufacturing flaws, or impact.Within the scope of an individual system, fault tolerance can be achieved by anticipating exceptional conditions and building the system to cope with them, and, in general, aiming for self-stabilization so that the system converges towards an error-free state. However, if the consequences of a system failure are catastrophic, or the cost of making it sufficiently reliable is very high, a better solution may be to use some form of duplication. In any case, if the consequence of a system failure is so catastrophic, the system must be able to use reversion to fall back to a safe mode. This is similar to roll-back recovery but can be a human action if humans are present in the loop.
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