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System power supply for car stereos
System power supply for car stereos

... (pin 10), FM (pin 11), and VAR (pin 1) outputs, based on the respective output current. This prevents IC destruction by overcurrent, by limiting the current with a curve shape of “7” in the voltage-current graph. The IC is designed with margins so that current flow will be restricted and latching wi ...
invisible broken wire detector
invisible broken wire detector

... For audio-visual indication, one may use a small buzzer (usually built inside quartz alarm time pieces) in parallel with one small (3mm) LCD in place of LED1 and resistor R5. In such a case, the current consumption of the circuit will be around 7 mA. Alternatively, one may use two 1.5V R6- or AA-typ ...
ZPCB2252-MML/MMR & ZPCB2252-MSL/MSR Eaton’s Cooper Mimic PCB Eaton Product Datasheet Addressable Fire Products
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... This offers more capability to the extensive options already offered by the CF3000 control panel. The ZPCB2252-MML or ZPCB2252-MMR is the master PCB which can control up 32 outputs. If further outputs are required ZPCB2252-MSL or ZPCB2252-MSR can daisy chain onto the master PCB offering a total outp ...
First-Order Circuits cont'd
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... Differential Equation Solution • The total solution to any differential equation consists of two parts: x(t) = xp(t) + xc(t) • Particular (forced) solution is xp(t) – Response particular to a given source • Complementary (natural) solution is xc(t) – Response common to all sources, that is, due to ...
Display the Test Result of the Digital Circuit with Graph
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... own shortcomings: For example, the analog meters allowed the user to “peak” their test devices by watching for a positive or negative “dip” in the meter’s movement. In addition, there are often cases where it would be advantageous to make readings of two different parameters at the same time; for ex ...
building aq meter
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... The sine wave appearing at the emitter of Q4 is buffered by emitter follower Q6 which in turn drives a wideband power amp Q7. This stage has a bandwidth of around 70MHz and drives the test circuit. It also drives Q8 providing an output for a frequency counter and/or for use as a 50 ohm signal sourc ...
Chapter Nine The RLC Circuit
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... An RLC circuit that is used to illustrate several procedures by which the initial conditions may be obtained. The desired response is nominally taken to be vC(t). ...
Refrigeration System Technology
Refrigeration System Technology

... components for the fans or compressors to be powered and document the work by sketching the circuits in equivalent circuit diagrams. Students will carry out measurements on the single-phase motor drives and identify faults. They should select appropriate methods to test for winding damage, faulty ca ...
Fundamentals of Power Electronics and Power System with MATLAB
Fundamentals of Power Electronics and Power System with MATLAB

... Branch block to model the shunt reactor, but then you would have to manually calculate and set the R and L values from the quality factor and reactive power specified in Circuit to Be Modeled. ...
Universal Thermostat
Universal Thermostat

... from a difficult task. A classic 7805-regulator and a common transistor pretty much complete the circuit. The clock source for the PIC is supplied by a 4 MHz ceramic resonator with built-in capacitors (Conrad Electronics order number 726406/726507). There are two switching outputs from the PIC, one ...
IQ Insulator
IQ Insulator

... customization to fit your specific application. And it can be wirelessly reprogrammed while in service to adapt to your changing system needs. ...
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... sufficient offline regulated power to provide 2.5 W to each downstream channel. Power on the downstream side is provided by a wall wart and an ADP3339 LDO regulator (5 V option). This component provides very low dropout voltage, reducing the regulation requirements on the wall wart. Its small size a ...
Fault Diagnosis on Medium Voltage (MV) Electric Power Distribution
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... An electric circuit is one composed of passive devices, in addition to voltage and current sources, and possibly some types of switches. In contrast, the term “electronic” has become synonymous with transistors and other active devices. The study of electric circuits usually precedes and sets the st ...
electronic communications systems i
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... Assemble an FM transmitter using the MAX2606 and required parts following the schematic provided in Fig. SP8-1. This is a low-power FM transmitter operating in the FM band (88-108 MHz). A schematic is provided in Figure SP8-1 that shows all the components required for assembling the project. The cir ...
The NEPTUNE power system: design from fundamentals
The NEPTUNE power system: design from fundamentals

... Current-differential protection is commonly applied to busbars, less commonly to transformers and lines. The principle is simple: the sum of all currents into the protected element should be zero. If measurements indicate that it is not, then there is a current somewhere that is not accounted for. A ...
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... expected for a capacitor.  The voltage through Zeq4 leads the current. Since the phase angle of Zeq4 is positive, it has an inductive part to its impedance. Thus, it should be expected that the voltage would lead the current. ...
MFR-5000 Setup guide[PDF:137.2KB]
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Capacitor Self
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Testing the Efficiency of a Joule Thief LED Light Circuit J0915
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... than the simple circuit by an average of 0.57mA. At 1v and 1.5v the Joule Thief circuit lit the LED light bulb with 0.03 mA whereas the simple circuit could not light the LED. When converted to joules using the equation mA # V= Power, Joules, or mW, the power usage of the Joule Thief circuit was les ...
IOSR Journal of Electrical and Electronics Engineering (IOSRJEEE)
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... mechanical displacement. Power transformers are the most expensive single elements of EHV transmission systems. Therefore, it is the prime duty of utilities to decrease the transformer life cycle costs and to increase the usable service life. One possibility is to extend the monitoring and diagnosis ...
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Deck Machinery And Deck Cranes Like Anchor,Chain Locker,Life

SD57030
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... 1.0 GHz. The SD57030 is designed for high gain and broadband performance operating in common source mode at 28 V. It is ideal for base ...
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Fault tolerance



Fault tolerance is the property that enables a system to continue operating properly in the event of the failure of (or one or more faults within) some of its components. If its operating quality decreases at all, the decrease is proportional to the severity of the failure, as compared to a naively designed system in which even a small failure can cause total breakdown. Fault tolerance is particularly sought after in high-availability or life-critical systems.A fault-tolerant design enables a system to continue its intended operation, possibly at a reduced level, rather than failing completely, when some part of the system fails. The term is most commonly used to describe computer systems designed to continue more or less fully operational with, perhaps, a reduction in throughput or an increase in response time in the event of some partial failure. That is, the system as a whole is not stopped due to problems either in the hardware or the software. An example in another field is a motor vehicle designed so it will continue to be drivable if one of the tires is punctured. A structure is able to retain its integrity in the presence of damage due to causes such as fatigue, corrosion, manufacturing flaws, or impact.Within the scope of an individual system, fault tolerance can be achieved by anticipating exceptional conditions and building the system to cope with them, and, in general, aiming for self-stabilization so that the system converges towards an error-free state. However, if the consequences of a system failure are catastrophic, or the cost of making it sufficiently reliable is very high, a better solution may be to use some form of duplication. In any case, if the consequence of a system failure is so catastrophic, the system must be able to use reversion to fall back to a safe mode. This is similar to roll-back recovery but can be a human action if humans are present in the loop.
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