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... 2) they can be used to gain information about the chemical mechanism. 3) they can be used to gain information about the regulation or control of a metabolic pathway. 4) they can be very important in drug design. ...
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Full PDF

... As the refin ement progressed to an R-factor below 25% , solvent molecules were placed into regions of the F 0 -Fc difference electron density map which were above 4·1 a of the mean and less than 4·0 A distance from the protein atoms. Only such so lvent molecules that were consistently observed, did ...
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... jewellery was kept in a sealed box and not exposed to air; but Rita forgot and left it open. After some months when Rita decided to wear it, she found the jewellery all black. Rita was very upset. a. Why did the jewellery become black when exposed to air? b. What is this process called? c. What were ...
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Photosynthetic reaction centre

A photosynthetic reaction center is a complex of several proteins, pigments and other co-factors assembled together to execute the primary energy conversion reactions of photosynthesis. Molecular excitations, either originating directly from sunlight or transferred as excitation energy via light-harvesting antenna systems, give rise to electron transfer reactions along a series of protein-bound co-factors. These co-factors are light-absorbing molecules (also named chromophores or pigments) such as chlorophyll and phaeophytin, as well as quinones. The energy of the photon is used to promote an electron to a higher molecular energy level of a pigment. The free energy created is then used to reduce a chain of nearby electron acceptors, which have subsequently higher redox-potentials. These electron transfer steps are the initial phase of a series of energy conversion reactions, ultimately resulting in the production of chemical energy during photosynthesis.
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