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... known receptors for Slit (Robo2, Robo3 and Syndecan) are enriched where the neuropil emerges along the longitudinal fascicles and remains abundant there through the end of embryogenesis (Johnson et al., 2004; Rajagopalan et al., 2000; Simpson et al., 2000; Steigemann et al., 2004). Such an expressio ...
Dorsal Anterior Cingulate Cortex: A Bottom-Up View
Dorsal Anterior Cingulate Cortex: A Bottom-Up View

... By Vogt’s schema, then, the dorsal CMA is misnamed; it is not a cingulate motor area but, instead, is part of area 6. However, one problem with this classification is that the CMAs have seemingly clear human homologs, and the human versions are clearly localized within cingulate areas. This is possi ...
AN INTEGRATIVE THEORY OF LOCUS
AN INTEGRATIVE THEORY OF LOCUS

... By decision processes, we mean those processes responsible for mapping task-relevant stimuli onto the corresponding response. As we discuss further below, there is growing evidence that, for simple tasks, such processes may be implemented relatively early in the processing stream, distinct from and ...
Adaptive Gain and Optimal Performance
Adaptive Gain and Optimal Performance

... By decision processes, we mean those processes responsible for mapping task-relevant stimuli onto the corresponding response. As we discuss further below, there is growing evidence that, for simple tasks, such processes may be implemented relatively early in the processing stream, distinct from and ...
Social stimulation and corticolimbic reactivity in premenstrual dysphoric disorder: a preliminary study
Social stimulation and corticolimbic reactivity in premenstrual dysphoric disorder: a preliminary study

... altered emotional reactivity. In post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), for example, increased amygdala reactivity and decreased activity in emotion controlling areas is observed not only in response to trauma-related challenge but also to non-symptomatic stimulation such as aversive emotional faces ...
Methamphetamine Users in Sustained Abstinence
Methamphetamine Users in Sustained Abstinence

... in human methamphetamine users. In 1 of the first positron emission tomography studies, McCann et al21 reported striatal dopamine transporter abnormalities in methamphetamine-dependent subjects who had remained abstinent for approximately 3 years. In contrast, Volkow et al23,26 reported evidence of ...
Changes in emotion after circumscribed surgical
Changes in emotion after circumscribed surgical

... as well as in ventral ACC during self-generated emotional experience (i.e. in the absence of a stimulus) as subjects recalled emotions of sadness or happiness (Lane et al., 1997a, b, 1998). On the basis of a review of imaging studies that consistently emphasize the importance of anterior and ventral ...
Is anterior cingulate cortex necessary for cognitive control?Brain, 128
Is anterior cingulate cortex necessary for cognitive control?Brain, 128

... cingulate and supplementary motor area, with involvement of the corpus callosum. The fourth subject (D) had suffered bilateral anterior cerebral artery infarction, with extensive damage to medial frontal structures, including medial orbitofrontal cortex, ventral dACC and fronto-polar areas bilateral ...
How do you feel -- now? The anterior insula and
How do you feel -- now? The anterior insula and

... subjective feelings from the body, but rather apparently with all subjective feelings. One noteworthy study examined resting-state functional connectivity and found two networks, an ‘executive control’ network that included the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) and parietal areas, and an emotio ...
The Neural Basis of Human Error Processing: Reinforcement
The Neural Basis of Human Error Processing: Reinforcement

... (1992) showed that the amplitude of the ERN increased as participants were motivated, via a payoff function, to strive for accuracy over speed in a choice reaction-time task (see also Gehring et al., 1993). His work has suggested that the system that produces the ERN is sensitive to the importance o ...
Neural correlates of incidental and directed facial emotion
Neural correlates of incidental and directed facial emotion

... adults, showed decreased recruitment of both the dorsal and pregenual right anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), suggesting immature modulatory functions of the ACC during directed face emotion processing. These results indicate that the neural circuitries for affect regulation are still developing in a ...
Two Phylogenetic Specializations in the Human Brain
Two Phylogenetic Specializations in the Human Brain

... (Liotti and others 2001). However, the dorsal part of the anterior cingulate cortex is powerfully activated during the performance of cognitively demanding tasks. In an analysis of more than 70 PET and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies involving attentiondemanding cognitive tasks, ...
pain and emotion interactions in subregions of the cingulate gyrus
pain and emotion interactions in subregions of the cingulate gyrus

... posterior cingulate gyrus, in which the ventral bank is comprised of retrosplenial cortex (RSC) dorsal to the corpus callosum (inset in panel a). The section was labelled with a neuron-specific nuclear-binding protein. No glia or vascular elements were stained, which ensures that only neuronal archi ...
Choice Coding in Frontal Cortex during Stimulus
Choice Coding in Frontal Cortex during Stimulus

... choices, the animal may learn to make a specific response when a specific pair of pictures is presented (a stimulus–response association). Reward-predictive neural activity could then reflect an AO association, indicating knowledge of the reward that is associated with that response. A second proble ...
Functional Dissociation of Attentional Selection within PFC
Functional Dissociation of Attentional Selection within PFC

... the four-word blocks — each incongruent word was uniquely paired with one of the four possible ink colors, and each neutral word was uniquely paired with one of the four possible ink colors. Thus, the stimulus--response mapping within condition (incongruent, neutral) was unique. On other blocks — th ...
Switching from automatic to controlled behavior: cortico - lsr
Switching from automatic to controlled behavior: cortico - lsr

... is impaired in subjects with lesions including the pre-SMA [38] and in normal subjects when transcranial magnetic stimulation is applied over the pre-SMA [39]. Second, the human pre-SMA is activated when two procedures compete with each other [19,22,37]. Thus, the conflict associated with proactive ...
Hedonic Hotspots Regulate Cingulate-driven
Hedonic Hotspots Regulate Cingulate-driven

... Positive hedonic states are known to attenuate the impact of demanding events on our body and brain, supporting adaptive behavior in response to changes in the environment. We used functional magnetic resonance imaging to examine the neural mechanism of this hedonic regulation. The effect of hedonic ...
Brain regions associated with moment-to
Brain regions associated with moment-to

... and insular cortices (Menon and Uddin, 2010; Seeley et al., 2007) are intimately involved in rapid on-line adjustments in control. According to Menon and Uddin (2010) for example, the AI and dACC are core members of a larger salience network that rapidly activates to stimuli of potential motivationa ...
The Medial Frontal Cortex and the Rapid Processing of Monetary
The Medial Frontal Cortex and the Rapid Processing of Monetary

Randomness increases self-reported anxiety and
Randomness increases self-reported anxiety and

... proposed that these roles may be complementary and that negative emotion may contribute to adjustments in performance (Carver and Scheier, 1990; Shackman et al., 2011; Schmeichel and Inzlicht, 2013). Electroencephalographic (EEG) studies have demonstrated that ACC activity is associated with an even ...
Interoception and Emotion: a Neuroanatomical Perspective
Interoception and Emotion: a Neuroanatomical Perspective

... into more highly evolved regions of the human brain. My research is based on the knowledge that the brain is not a mystical structure, but rather is reproducibly and evolutionarily wellorganized for the purpose of maintaining and advancing both the individual and the species. The brain is not color ...
Coordinated Interaction between Hippocampal Sharp
Coordinated Interaction between Hippocampal Sharp

... Stereotaxic surgery. Mice were anesthetized with a ketamine/xylazine mixture (⬃100/10 mg per kg, i.p.) and received two bundles of electrode implantation, one into the CA1 and the other into the ACC, both in the right hemisphere. The coordinates for the ACC were anteroposterior (AP) 0.8 mm anterior ...
This article was originally published in the
This article was originally published in the

... read the word and the instructed task of naming the color in which the word is printed (Figure 2(a)). When the word and the color are incongruent, these two responses conflict with each other. Conflict signals may trigger an executive control function that initiates increased effort to improve perfo ...
Long-term potentiation in the anterior cingulate cortex and chronic
Long-term potentiation in the anterior cingulate cortex and chronic

... Figure 2. Synaptic potentiation as a cellular model for behavioural hyperalgesia and allodynia in chronic pain. (a) A model plot explains the hyperalgesia and allodynia in chronic pain conditions. Central plasticity causes the leftward shift of the input – pain response curve. The reduction of pain ...
Role of the Human Anterior Cingulate Cortex in the Control of
Role of the Human Anterior Cingulate Cortex in the Control of

... one of three words in response to the specific word heard. The auditory stimuli were three verbs (take, join, find), and the responses were three pronouns (them, her, him). The stimuli were presented through a pair of headphones. The latency and accuracy of the verbal responses were measured bv mean ...
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Anterior cingulate cortex



The anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) is the frontal part of the cingulate cortex that resembles a ""collar"" surrounding the frontal part of the corpus callosum. It consists of Brodmann areas 24, 32, and 33.It appears to play a role in a wide variety of autonomic functions, such as regulating blood pressure and heart rate.It is also involved in rational cognitive functions, such as reward anticipation, decision-making, empathy, impulse control, and emotion.
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