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... The siege and conquest of Almeria ....................................................................................... 185 The sources for the conquest of Almeria............................................................................... 189 The conquest of Tortosa............................ ...
... The siege and conquest of Almeria ....................................................................................... 185 The sources for the conquest of Almeria............................................................................... 189 The conquest of Tortosa............................ ...
Saladin and the Ayyubid Campaigns in the Maghrib
... potential refuge in case Egypt fell to an invasion by Nur al-Din.11 In some sources it is reported that Taqi al-Din, jealous of the military triumphs of his other Ayyubid relatives, had resolved to invade the Maghrib himself. He assembled an army near Alexandria for this purpose but in the end he di ...
... potential refuge in case Egypt fell to an invasion by Nur al-Din.11 In some sources it is reported that Taqi al-Din, jealous of the military triumphs of his other Ayyubid relatives, had resolved to invade the Maghrib himself. He assembled an army near Alexandria for this purpose but in the end he di ...
Daniel Hawkins Literature Review
... made them the largest and most powerful Christian power in Europe. The Umayyad caliphate had spread in the last two centuries from Arabia through North Africa and into Spain, where they created a complex polity with its own strong presence. As the eighth century dawned, these Muslim forces raided an ...
... made them the largest and most powerful Christian power in Europe. The Umayyad caliphate had spread in the last two centuries from Arabia through North Africa and into Spain, where they created a complex polity with its own strong presence. As the eighth century dawned, these Muslim forces raided an ...
ISL373 - National Open University of Nigeria
... sense of moral rectitude provided by their new religion, Islam, form an irresistible combination. When Muhammad died in 632, the western half of Arabia is Muslim. Two years later the entire peninsula has been brought to the faith, and Muslim armies have moved up into the desert between Syria and Mes ...
... sense of moral rectitude provided by their new religion, Islam, form an irresistible combination. When Muhammad died in 632, the western half of Arabia is Muslim. Two years later the entire peninsula has been brought to the faith, and Muslim armies have moved up into the desert between Syria and Mes ...
As Word (text only) - Discover Islamic Art
... Musa ibn Abi ’l-Afiya, chief of the Miknassa tribe, conquers Fez and takes control of all of Maghreb. ...
... Musa ibn Abi ’l-Afiya, chief of the Miknassa tribe, conquers Fez and takes control of all of Maghreb. ...
As Word (text only) - Discover Islamic Art
... Foundation letter of the Benedictine abbey in Tihany by King András I (its Latin text contains the first Hungarian text fragment). András was buried in the abbey church in 1060. ...
... Foundation letter of the Benedictine abbey in Tihany by King András I (its Latin text contains the first Hungarian text fragment). András was buried in the abbey church in 1060. ...
File - AP World History
... Arabia and then in North Africa and finally in Egypt. Throughout the dynasty's history, one of its central concerns was the spread of Shiite Islam throughout the Islamic world. Initially, this agenda took the form of a desire to replace the Abbasid dynasty and take over leadership of the Islamic wor ...
... Arabia and then in North Africa and finally in Egypt. Throughout the dynasty's history, one of its central concerns was the spread of Shiite Islam throughout the Islamic world. Initially, this agenda took the form of a desire to replace the Abbasid dynasty and take over leadership of the Islamic wor ...
INTRODUCTION, PART II
... Western Europe. The Frankish kingdom grew in strength, and the Muslims were expelled from Provence in 738. Charles Martel's son, Pepin III, retook Narbonne in 751, ending the last Muslim conquest north of the Pyrenees, and his grandson, Charlemagne, conducted several expeditions south. By 785 the Fr ...
... Western Europe. The Frankish kingdom grew in strength, and the Muslims were expelled from Provence in 738. Charles Martel's son, Pepin III, retook Narbonne in 751, ending the last Muslim conquest north of the Pyrenees, and his grandson, Charlemagne, conducted several expeditions south. By 785 the Fr ...
n Ross E. Dunn, The Adventures of Ibn Battuta
... and better design. Aside from typOS, 5 there are spelling inconsistencies and odd word-choices. The alternate vocabulary is confusing when Dunn first explains the formal "aI-Hajj" (p. 76) as the pilgrim's honorific, and two pages later uses "hajjis" (p. 78), the Persian variant with an English plura ...
... and better design. Aside from typOS, 5 there are spelling inconsistencies and odd word-choices. The alternate vocabulary is confusing when Dunn first explains the formal "aI-Hajj" (p. 76) as the pilgrim's honorific, and two pages later uses "hajjis" (p. 78), the Persian variant with an English plura ...
As Word (text only) - Discover Islamic Art
... Prophet Muhammad sends a letter to Cyrus, the Byzantine Patriarch of Alexandria and ruler of Egypt, inviting him to accept Islam. Cyrus sends gifts to the Prophet in answer, together with two sisters from Upper Egypt. The Prophet married one of them, called Maria the Copt. She bore him his only son, ...
... Prophet Muhammad sends a letter to Cyrus, the Byzantine Patriarch of Alexandria and ruler of Egypt, inviting him to accept Islam. Cyrus sends gifts to the Prophet in answer, together with two sisters from Upper Egypt. The Prophet married one of them, called Maria the Copt. She bore him his only son, ...
Islamic Civilization
... of Constantinople protected eastern Europe from falling to Islamic rule. But it was the underlying political philosophy of the Umayyad dynasty that spelled its defeat. Unlike the “Rightly Guided Caliphs,” the dynasty’s government was politically based rather than religiously. This did not sit well w ...
... of Constantinople protected eastern Europe from falling to Islamic rule. But it was the underlying political philosophy of the Umayyad dynasty that spelled its defeat. Unlike the “Rightly Guided Caliphs,” the dynasty’s government was politically based rather than religiously. This did not sit well w ...
A “Global” Civilization: the Birth of Islam
... In this era Muslim converts, called mawali, still paid taxes and did not receive a share of booty; they were blocked from important positions in the army or bureaucracy. As a result the number of conversions was low in the Umayyad era. The great portion the population of the empire were dhimmis, or ...
... In this era Muslim converts, called mawali, still paid taxes and did not receive a share of booty; they were blocked from important positions in the army or bureaucracy. As a result the number of conversions was low in the Umayyad era. The great portion the population of the empire were dhimmis, or ...
Printer Friendly - Michigan War Studies Review
... the infidel until Allah decided the outcome. Hence the notion of jihad or war against non-believers was embedded in the Qur’an, legitimating a profitable way of life for Arabs through conquest and plunder. In his central chapters, Lewis contests traditional scholarship with fresh perspectives on Isl ...
... the infidel until Allah decided the outcome. Hence the notion of jihad or war against non-believers was embedded in the Qur’an, legitimating a profitable way of life for Arabs through conquest and plunder. In his central chapters, Lewis contests traditional scholarship with fresh perspectives on Isl ...
Paper Proposal (Final Draft)
... the topic has captivated historians of medieval Europe, at the very least as an exercise in alternative paths for what may have happened to Europe in the event of a Frankish defeat at Tours. By examining Umayyad sources, I also plan to answer, using extant evaluations by modern historians, whether t ...
... the topic has captivated historians of medieval Europe, at the very least as an exercise in alternative paths for what may have happened to Europe in the event of a Frankish defeat at Tours. By examining Umayyad sources, I also plan to answer, using extant evaluations by modern historians, whether t ...
Some Reflections on the Institutions of Muslim Spain: Unity in
... has been addressed so much throughout the entire history of Dar al-Islam. Once legitimacy was obtained, the ruler controlled all the reins of power, appointed his supporters to administrative positions in the provinces, and had direct administrative power over the entire emirate. In al-Andalus, the ...
... has been addressed so much throughout the entire history of Dar al-Islam. Once legitimacy was obtained, the ruler controlled all the reins of power, appointed his supporters to administrative positions in the provinces, and had direct administrative power over the entire emirate. In al-Andalus, the ...
Arab Civilization The Arabs were originally the
... Middle East. According to the “Pact of Umar”, the conquered peoples were left entirely undisturbed in their (monotheistic) religion, community life, and property on the condition that they pay a tribute. Pagans were not afforded such rights. In return, the Arabs offered protection and more reasonabl ...
... Middle East. According to the “Pact of Umar”, the conquered peoples were left entirely undisturbed in their (monotheistic) religion, community life, and property on the condition that they pay a tribute. Pagans were not afforded such rights. In return, the Arabs offered protection and more reasonabl ...
MWNF - Discover Baroqueart
... The Sassanian (Persian) army conquers Palestine during a campaign of occupation of Great Syria and Egypt. The conquest is very destructive, tens of churches are destroyed, and monasteries are sacked and ...
... The Sassanian (Persian) army conquers Palestine during a campaign of occupation of Great Syria and Egypt. The conquest is very destructive, tens of churches are destroyed, and monasteries are sacked and ...
MWNF - Discover Baroqueart
... Prophet Muhammad sends a letter to Cyrus, the Byzantine Patriarch of Alexandria and ruler of Egypt, inviting him to accept Islam. Cyrus sends gifts to the Prophet in answer, together with two sisters from Upper Egypt. The Prophet married one of them, called Maria the Copt. She bore him his only son, ...
... Prophet Muhammad sends a letter to Cyrus, the Byzantine Patriarch of Alexandria and ruler of Egypt, inviting him to accept Islam. Cyrus sends gifts to the Prophet in answer, together with two sisters from Upper Egypt. The Prophet married one of them, called Maria the Copt. She bore him his only son, ...
As Word (text only) - Discover Islamic Art
... Prophet Muhammad sends a letter to Cyrus, the Byzantine Patriarch of Alexandria and ruler of Egypt, inviting him to accept Islam. Cyrus sends gifts to the Prophet in answer, together with two sisters from Upper Egypt. The Prophet married one of them, called Maria the Copt. She bore him his only son, ...
... Prophet Muhammad sends a letter to Cyrus, the Byzantine Patriarch of Alexandria and ruler of Egypt, inviting him to accept Islam. Cyrus sends gifts to the Prophet in answer, together with two sisters from Upper Egypt. The Prophet married one of them, called Maria the Copt. She bore him his only son, ...
The Early `Abbasid Baghdad
... Islamic medicine was influenced by the Jundishapur and the medical schools that developed in south-west Iran. It was also influenced by the Nestorians, who sought refuge, and taught Greek medicine in Syriac and Greek translations, and Jewish and Indian ideas. • The first earliest hospital in the Isl ...
... Islamic medicine was influenced by the Jundishapur and the medical schools that developed in south-west Iran. It was also influenced by the Nestorians, who sought refuge, and taught Greek medicine in Syriac and Greek translations, and Jewish and Indian ideas. • The first earliest hospital in the Isl ...
The Battle of Tours
... of the Mamluks were Turkish, who were famous for the horsemanship, but the Mamluk military also consisted of Slavs and some Berbers. By the middle of al-Wathiq's reign, the Mamluk army had completely displaced the Arabian and Persian army under the caliph. This army, caused bitter resentment among M ...
... of the Mamluks were Turkish, who were famous for the horsemanship, but the Mamluk military also consisted of Slavs and some Berbers. By the middle of al-Wathiq's reign, the Mamluk army had completely displaced the Arabian and Persian army under the caliph. This army, caused bitter resentment among M ...
MWNF - Discover Baroqueart
... The Sassanian (Persian) army conquers Palestine during a campaign of occupation of Great Syria and Egypt. The conquest is very destructive, tens of churches are destroyed, and monasteries are sacked and ...
... The Sassanian (Persian) army conquers Palestine during a campaign of occupation of Great Syria and Egypt. The conquest is very destructive, tens of churches are destroyed, and monasteries are sacked and ...
The Battle of Tours
... A later caliph, al-Walid I (705-715 AD/86-96 AH), began further Islamic conquests. He reconquered parts of Egypt from the Byzantines, moved into Carthage, and across to the western Maghreb. In 711, Muslim armies crossed the Strait of Gibraltar and began to conquer Spain using North African Berber ar ...
... A later caliph, al-Walid I (705-715 AD/86-96 AH), began further Islamic conquests. He reconquered parts of Egypt from the Byzantines, moved into Carthage, and across to the western Maghreb. In 711, Muslim armies crossed the Strait of Gibraltar and began to conquer Spain using North African Berber ar ...
As Word (text only) - Discover Islamic Art
... Prophet Muhammad sends a letter to Cyrus, the Byzantine Patriarch of Alexandria and ruler of Egypt, inviting him to accept Islam. Cyrus sends gifts to the Prophet in answer, together with two sisters from Upper Egypt. The Prophet married one of them, called Maria the Copt. She bore him his only son, ...
... Prophet Muhammad sends a letter to Cyrus, the Byzantine Patriarch of Alexandria and ruler of Egypt, inviting him to accept Islam. Cyrus sends gifts to the Prophet in answer, together with two sisters from Upper Egypt. The Prophet married one of them, called Maria the Copt. She bore him his only son, ...
Umayyad conquest of Hispania
The Umayyad conquest of Hispania was the initial expansion of the Umayyad Caliphate over Hispania, largely extending from 711 to 788. The conquest resulted in the destruction of the Visigothic Kingdom and the establishment of the independent Emirate of Cordova under Abd ar-Rahman I, who completed the unification of Muslim-ruled Iberia, or al-Andalus (756–788). The conquest marks the westernmost expansion of both the Umayyad Caliphate and Muslim rule into Europe.Forces commanded by Tariq ibn Ziyad disembarked in early 711 at Gibraltar at the head of an army consisting of Berber Northwest Africans and Arabs. He campaigned his way northward after the decisive Battle of Guadalete against the usurper Roderic. By 717, the Berber-Arabs had crossed the Pyrenees onto Septimania and Provence (734).
