Partition function (statistical mechanics)
... Partition functions describe the statistical properties of a system in thermodynamic equilibrium. It is a function of temperature and other parameters, such as the volume enclosing a gas. Most of the aggregate thermodynamic variables of the system, such as the total energy, free energy, entropy, and ...
... Partition functions describe the statistical properties of a system in thermodynamic equilibrium. It is a function of temperature and other parameters, such as the volume enclosing a gas. Most of the aggregate thermodynamic variables of the system, such as the total energy, free energy, entropy, and ...
On inelastic hydrogen atom collisions in stellar atmospheres
... the deflection of the incident electron results in an energy transfer between electrons corresponding precisely to the ionization potential. All collisions inside this impact parameter will have a larger energy transfer and thus lead to ionization and so the cross section can be easily calculated. E ...
... the deflection of the incident electron results in an energy transfer between electrons corresponding precisely to the ionization potential. All collisions inside this impact parameter will have a larger energy transfer and thus lead to ionization and so the cross section can be easily calculated. E ...
Electronic Structure of Multi-Electron Quantum Dots
... Quantum dots are artificially fabricated atoms, in which charge carriers are confined in all three dimensions just like electrons in real atoms. Consequently, they exhibit properties normally associated with real atoms such as quantised energy levels and shell structures. These properties are descri ...
... Quantum dots are artificially fabricated atoms, in which charge carriers are confined in all three dimensions just like electrons in real atoms. Consequently, they exhibit properties normally associated with real atoms such as quantised energy levels and shell structures. These properties are descri ...
Lectures on Quantum Chromodynamics
... Already from early days, humans tried to understand the world that surround us i.e. how it is formed, which are the basic constituents and what are the fundamental laws that govern our Cosmos. Although there is evidence that the theory of the atom was also developed in India, I can not help but ment ...
... Already from early days, humans tried to understand the world that surround us i.e. how it is formed, which are the basic constituents and what are the fundamental laws that govern our Cosmos. Although there is evidence that the theory of the atom was also developed in India, I can not help but ment ...
Long-range intermolecular dispersion forces and circular dichroism spectra from first-principles calculations
... molecules and also intermolecular interactions such as ionic interactions and hydrogen bonds. Moreover, electromagnetic forces are also responsible for long-range attractive interactions between neutral atoms and molecules. It is counterintuitive that there could be an attractive force between two e ...
... molecules and also intermolecular interactions such as ionic interactions and hydrogen bonds. Moreover, electromagnetic forces are also responsible for long-range attractive interactions between neutral atoms and molecules. It is counterintuitive that there could be an attractive force between two e ...
10 Supersymmetric gauge dynamics: N = 1 10.1 Confinement and
... is not a conserved quantum number in strong interactions), but rather of a shifting mass of chromoelectric flux lines. Unlike gluons, for which a mass term is forbidden (because they have only two polarizations), glueballs include scalars and vectors with three polarizations (as well as higher spin ...
... is not a conserved quantum number in strong interactions), but rather of a shifting mass of chromoelectric flux lines. Unlike gluons, for which a mass term is forbidden (because they have only two polarizations), glueballs include scalars and vectors with three polarizations (as well as higher spin ...
The Singlet-Triplet Spectroscopy of 1,3
... top molecules. In an electronic state with non-zero spin S, the total angular momentum of the molecule is now found by J = N + S. Coupling between S and N is what gives rise to the splitting seen in triplet states. In the limit of small coupling (Hund’s case (b)), N, S, J and K are all good quantum ...
... top molecules. In an electronic state with non-zero spin S, the total angular momentum of the molecule is now found by J = N + S. Coupling between S and N is what gives rise to the splitting seen in triplet states. In the limit of small coupling (Hund’s case (b)), N, S, J and K are all good quantum ...
- Philsci
... terms of successive instantaneous states, requires a choice of foliation consisting of spacelike hypersurfaces along which the successive states of the world are defined. Albert’s requirement (i) of separability is, therefore, too strong. An account of the world unfolding along some foliation may b ...
... terms of successive instantaneous states, requires a choice of foliation consisting of spacelike hypersurfaces along which the successive states of the world are defined. Albert’s requirement (i) of separability is, therefore, too strong. An account of the world unfolding along some foliation may b ...
Report - Nevis Laboratories
... box. In fact, Schoepe and Rayfield[6] have calculated the mean time that an electron is in a bubble before it escapes. As the electron in an electron bubble is a confined quantum mechanical system, it has discrete energy levels and if given a certain amount of energy it can break free of the potenti ...
... box. In fact, Schoepe and Rayfield[6] have calculated the mean time that an electron is in a bubble before it escapes. As the electron in an electron bubble is a confined quantum mechanical system, it has discrete energy levels and if given a certain amount of energy it can break free of the potenti ...
Option J: Particle physics
... Description and classification of particles Identify elementary particles. There are three major divisions in the elementary particles that have been identified, to date. The force carriers are the particles that allow compatible particles to sense and react to each other’s presence through exchan ...
... Description and classification of particles Identify elementary particles. There are three major divisions in the elementary particles that have been identified, to date. The force carriers are the particles that allow compatible particles to sense and react to each other’s presence through exchan ...
PHYSICAL FOUNDATIONS OF COSMOLOGY - Assets
... universe. In 1982, a combined effort of many participants of the Nuffield Symposium in Cambridge allowed them to come to a similar conclusion with respect to the new inflationary universe scenario. A few years later, Mukhanov developed the general theory of inflationary perturbations of metric, valid f ...
... universe. In 1982, a combined effort of many participants of the Nuffield Symposium in Cambridge allowed them to come to a similar conclusion with respect to the new inflationary universe scenario. A few years later, Mukhanov developed the general theory of inflationary perturbations of metric, valid f ...
Quantum Origins of Molecular Recognition and Olfaction in Drosophila
... the vibrational normal modes and frequencies of a given olfactant. This gives the IR response of the molecule. We then determine the energy gradient of the ionized species at this geometry and project this onto the normal mode coordinates, which are normalized linear combinations of the cartesian di ...
... the vibrational normal modes and frequencies of a given olfactant. This gives the IR response of the molecule. We then determine the energy gradient of the ionized species at this geometry and project this onto the normal mode coordinates, which are normalized linear combinations of the cartesian di ...
Renormalization
In quantum field theory, the statistical mechanics of fields, and the theory of self-similar geometric structures, renormalization is any of a collection of techniques used to treat infinities arising in calculated quantities.Renormalization specifies relationships between parameters in the theory when the parameters describing large distance scales differ from the parameters describing small distances. Physically, the pileup of contributions from an infinity of scales involved in a problem may then result in infinities. When describing space and time as a continuum, certain statistical and quantum mechanical constructions are ill defined. To define them, this continuum limit, the removal of the ""construction scaffolding"" of lattices at various scales, has to be taken carefully, as detailed below.Renormalization was first developed in quantum electrodynamics (QED) to make sense of infinite integrals in perturbation theory. Initially viewed as a suspect provisional procedure even by some of its originators, renormalization eventually was embraced as an important and self-consistent actual mechanism of scale physics in several fields of physics and mathematics. Today, the point of view has shifted: on the basis of the breakthrough renormalization group insights of Kenneth Wilson, the focus is on variation of physical quantities across contiguous scales, while distant scales are related to each other through ""effective"" descriptions. All scales are linked in a broadly systematic way, and the actual physics pertinent to each is extracted with the suitable specific computational techniques appropriate for each.