Causal structural realism in canonical quantum gravity
... temporal evolution. Indeed, the situation is much analogous to the case of quantum geometrodynamics, see (QGeom-1) above. Although this paper is mainly concerned with the canonical approach to quantum gravity, we would like to mention the fact that the issues about the non-fundamentality of time (an ...
... temporal evolution. Indeed, the situation is much analogous to the case of quantum geometrodynamics, see (QGeom-1) above. Although this paper is mainly concerned with the canonical approach to quantum gravity, we would like to mention the fact that the issues about the non-fundamentality of time (an ...
A Gentle Introduction to Quantum Computing
... A more complicated example is shown in Fig. 2. This shows a quantum adder, that building on the same principles as the XOR, allows us to fully add two numbers. Many times, in the course of quantum computation, we are in need of such quantum networks. Typically, we are not interested in how a particu ...
... A more complicated example is shown in Fig. 2. This shows a quantum adder, that building on the same principles as the XOR, allows us to fully add two numbers. Many times, in the course of quantum computation, we are in need of such quantum networks. Typically, we are not interested in how a particu ...
Probing gauge theories: Exact results and holographic computations
... weak/strong duality or, in a more modern language, an S-duality. In general, under an S-duality a theory with coupling constant g is mapped to a possibly very different theory with coupling constant 1/g. It is hard to overestimate the importance of having such a symmetry, since then one might be abl ...
... weak/strong duality or, in a more modern language, an S-duality. In general, under an S-duality a theory with coupling constant g is mapped to a possibly very different theory with coupling constant 1/g. It is hard to overestimate the importance of having such a symmetry, since then one might be abl ...
Chapter 3 Rydberg Atom Interactions
... interaction which is reduced by more than 50 % at θ = π/2 from the value aligned along z (θ = 0). ...
... interaction which is reduced by more than 50 % at θ = π/2 from the value aligned along z (θ = 0). ...
Condensed Matter Physics as a Laboratory for Gravitation and
... More interesting than super uid He4 are the super uid phases of He3 which are quantum liquids with interacting fermionic and bosonic elds. Its rich structure gives rise to a number of analogues of cosmological defects[33]: 1) the dysgiration, that simulates the extremely massive cosmic string; 2) t ...
... More interesting than super uid He4 are the super uid phases of He3 which are quantum liquids with interacting fermionic and bosonic elds. Its rich structure gives rise to a number of analogues of cosmological defects[33]: 1) the dysgiration, that simulates the extremely massive cosmic string; 2) t ...
Spin Transverse Force on Spin Current in an Electric Field
... an operator equation. The uncertainty relationship tells us that the position and momentum cannot be measured simultaneously, and there is no concept of force in quantum mechanics. To see the physical meaning of the equation, we take the expectation values of both sides with respect to a Heisenberg ...
... an operator equation. The uncertainty relationship tells us that the position and momentum cannot be measured simultaneously, and there is no concept of force in quantum mechanics. To see the physical meaning of the equation, we take the expectation values of both sides with respect to a Heisenberg ...
Renormalization
In quantum field theory, the statistical mechanics of fields, and the theory of self-similar geometric structures, renormalization is any of a collection of techniques used to treat infinities arising in calculated quantities.Renormalization specifies relationships between parameters in the theory when the parameters describing large distance scales differ from the parameters describing small distances. Physically, the pileup of contributions from an infinity of scales involved in a problem may then result in infinities. When describing space and time as a continuum, certain statistical and quantum mechanical constructions are ill defined. To define them, this continuum limit, the removal of the ""construction scaffolding"" of lattices at various scales, has to be taken carefully, as detailed below.Renormalization was first developed in quantum electrodynamics (QED) to make sense of infinite integrals in perturbation theory. Initially viewed as a suspect provisional procedure even by some of its originators, renormalization eventually was embraced as an important and self-consistent actual mechanism of scale physics in several fields of physics and mathematics. Today, the point of view has shifted: on the basis of the breakthrough renormalization group insights of Kenneth Wilson, the focus is on variation of physical quantities across contiguous scales, while distant scales are related to each other through ""effective"" descriptions. All scales are linked in a broadly systematic way, and the actual physics pertinent to each is extracted with the suitable specific computational techniques appropriate for each.