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Commonly Used Electrical Symbols
Commonly Used Electrical Symbols

... 2. In a number of instances, the same symbol can represent a number of components. They are usually distinguished from one another by letters or numbers, such as M W A and 50 representing a motor, watthour meter, ammeter and overcurrent protective relay, respectively. ...
NOT gate
NOT gate

... 1930’s – electromagnetic relays served as physical switches, whose on/off positions were controlled by the voltage to a magnet 1940’s – vacuum tubes replaced relays, which were faster (since no moving parts) but tended to overheat and burn out frequently 1948 – the transistor was developed by Bardee ...
Direct current - Sackville School
Direct current - Sackville School

... In the UK, the frequency of mains electricity is 50 hertz: this alternating current flows backwards and forwards 50 times per second. This frequency is the same at any point in the electricity supply system but the voltage varies in different parts of the national grid. The voltage of mains electric ...
RPR-220 : Optical Sensors
RPR-220 : Optical Sensors

... The contents described herein are subject to change without notice. The specifications for the product described in this document are for reference only. Upon actual use, therefore, please request that specifications to be separately delivered. Application circuit diagrams and circuit constants cont ...
Re-designing Normally-on load Switches with Zero
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EE2003 Circuit Theory

... 13.1 What is a transformer? (1) • It is an electrical device designed on the basis of the concept of magnetic coupling • It uses magnetically coupled coils to transfer energy from one circuit to another • It is the key circuit elements for stepping up or stepping down ac voltages or currents, imped ...
- Emicro Technologies
- Emicro Technologies

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Purpose:
Purpose:

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While references are made to material specifications in Part 2 of
While references are made to material specifications in Part 2 of

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Wireless Communications and Networks

... The reflection coefficient, is defined as the ratio of the electric intensity of the reflected wave to that of the incident wave. For a perfect reflector it is unity. It is important that the electric vector be perpendicular to the conducting surface. If it is fully parallel to the surface, the elec ...
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The anti-sleep driving alarm for people doing all night drives as well

... The most common function of a diode is to allow an electric current to pass in one direction (called the diode's forward bias direction) while blocking current in the opposite direction (the reverse direction). Thus, the diode can be thought of as an electronic version of a check valve. This unidire ...
User Manual Earth Ground Resistance Tester Kit Model 382252
User Manual Earth Ground Resistance Tester Kit Model 382252

... 4. Confirm that the voltage measurement is less than 10V AC; otherwise accurate Earth resistance measurements cannot be made. If voltage is present (higher than 10V AC), the source of the voltage must be found and corrected before testing can continue. ...
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... but are to be protected so that they are not subjected to moisture, water, oil or steam. 4.13.7 During break in the work and also when work is finished for the day, lighting, electric motors, inspection lamps and welding apparatus are to be switched off. 4.13.8 Isolation and, where necessary, earthi ...
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... In the above illustration, does the element absorb power or supply power? p(t) = v(t) . i(t) Or simply, p = v ⋅ i The product of v ⋅ i with their attendant signs, defines the magnitude and sign of the power. If p(t ) is positive, then the element absorbs power. If p(t ) is negative, then the element ...
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Figure 1 - Typical electronic package

... The DC output(s) will also have high frequency switching currents going to the load. The currents going back to the input as well as the currents going to the load can find many conduction paths due to parasitic capacitance within the power supply and the equipment itself. With devices turning on an ...
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... every year from captured meteorites and cosmic dust. The average distance to the moon is 384.4 Mm (megameters). The average distance to the sun is 149.5 Gm (gigameters). The wavelength of yellow light is 590 nm (nanometers). The diameter of a hydrogen atom is about 70 pm (picometers). The mass of a ...
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Ground (electricity)



In electrical engineering, ground or earth is the reference point in an electrical circuit from which voltages are measured, a common return path for electric current, or a direct physical connection to the Earth.Electrical circuits may be connected to ground (earth) for several reasons. In mains powered equipment, exposed metal parts are connected to ground to prevent user contact with dangerous voltage if electrical insulation fails. Connections to ground limit the build-up of static electricity when handling flammable products or electrostatic-sensitive devices. In some telegraph and power transmission circuits, the earth itself can be used as one conductor of the circuit, saving the cost of installing a separate return conductor (see single-wire earth return).For measurement purposes, the Earth serves as a (reasonably) constant potential reference against which other potentials can be measured. An electrical ground system should have an appropriate current-carrying capability to serve as an adequate zero-voltage reference level. In electronic circuit theory, a ""ground"" is usually idealized as an infinite source or sink for charge, which can absorb an unlimited amount of current without changing its potential. Where a real ground connection has a significant resistance, the approximation of zero potential is no longer valid. Stray voltages or earth potential rise effects will occur, which may create noise in signals or if large enough will produce an electric shock hazard.The use of the term ground (or earth) is so common in electrical and electronics applications that circuits in portable electronic devices such as cell phones and media players as well as circuits in vehicles may be spoken of as having a ""ground"" connection without any actual connection to the Earth, despite ""common"" being a more appropriate term for such a connection. This is usually a large conductor attached to one side of the power supply (such as the ""ground plane"" on a printed circuit board) which serves as the common return path for current from many different components in the circuit.
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