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Language Change
Language Change

... functional load is very slight, that is there are very few words which are distinguished by the difference between /2/ and /3/. Other instances of internal change would be what is called ‘analogy’. This term has a number of meanings; the one intended here can be paraphrased as ‘regularisation of irr ...
0 - DSpace@MIT
0 - DSpace@MIT

... This holds for the standard dialect, Central Catalan, the one that is the primary object of study of the present paper. Other dialects, such as Valencian or Ibizan, use it in spoken language (cf. Veny (1993)). See Harris (1998) for an account of Spanish imperatives within Distributed Morphology. It ...
Grammar Practice Workbook
Grammar Practice Workbook

... Underline the linking verbs in the sentences below. 1. The great frigate bird is the most widespread of the five species of frigate birds on earth. 2. Warm islands located in the Pacific and Indian oceans are the nesting spots of these birds. 3. High, rocky cliffs are the homes of frigate birds. 4. ...
Index: Participial postmodification in NP
Index: Participial postmodification in NP

... Adverbial clauses function on the level of sentence elements, while adjectival clauses function on the level of phrase. ...
English_Foundation(VistaMind) - mba-prep
English_Foundation(VistaMind) - mba-prep

... each has a progressive form, indicating ongoing action; and each has a perfect progressive form, indicating ongoing action that will be completed at some definite time. Read the following sentences: I. I write a letter. II. I wrote a letter. III. I shall write a letter All underlined words in above ...
A Phase-Based Approach to ECM across CP in Korean
A Phase-Based Approach to ECM across CP in Korean

... whether or not the clause in subordinated. However, positing a distinct functional projection for —ta (say, MoodP as often suggested) does not affect my analysis. 5 The ungrammaticality is not due to a constraint which rules out double accusative NPs (cf. 'Double -0 Constraint' in Japanese), because ...
Predicate Adjective
Predicate Adjective

... gives information about the subject of the sentence. • A predicate adjective is similar to a predicate noun in that it always comes after a linking verb. • The predicate adjective is always an adjective. • The PA describes/modifies the subject. • You will not have a predicate noun and a predicate ad ...
Analyzing English Grammar
Analyzing English Grammar

... relationship of sound-to-meaning, and (ii) as words relate to word classes (lexicosyntactic)--based upon where the word sits within a sentence. So overall, all three linguistic branches of study are ultimately involved with the learning of the basic word: Phonology (sound), Morphology (meaning), an ...
German Grammar in English for International Students
German Grammar in English for International Students

... Prepositions with the genitive . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Prepositions with the Dative . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Prepositions with the accusative . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Prepositions with dative or a ...
Printer Fabulous!
Printer Fabulous!

... Whenever you have plural lower-case letters, use the apostrophe + s to make the letters plural. Grandma prefers to sign birthday cards with k's and h's instead of x's and o's . Do you remember how many t's are in the word commitment ? If you have capital letters, however, most writers use just the s ...
Pronouns
Pronouns

... Mary’s legs will be sore tomorrow. (When will her legs be sore?) Mary’s family waited for her there. (Where did they wait?) She was very relieved to have a few days of rest. (To what extent?) ...
Joash Gambarage Johannes
Joash Gambarage Johannes

... arranged in a series of levels. According to this theory, each step of word formation process is tied to rules of a certain level. Within this approach, it is assumed that the output of each word-formation process within the lexicon itself is accounted for by phonological rules of its level. At a le ...
English Appendix 1 Spelling National Curriculum
English Appendix 1 Spelling National Curriculum

... to adjectives where no change is needed to the root word ...
Unit 2 - Wilson School District
Unit 2 - Wilson School District

... • If you know when an action happened in the past, use a past tense verb. Last month, my older brother traveled twice for job interviews. • If you’re not sure when a past action happened, use a verb in the present perfect tense . Jeffrey has traveled for interviews many times. • To form the ...
Kokborok, a short analysis - Hal-SHS
Kokborok, a short analysis - Hal-SHS

... beginning of a syllable, like phl (2 consonants: ph+l) in phlat phlat phlat, or sl in kungsluk kungsluk ‘foolish man'. This is a very interesting problem in Kokborok, and more generally in Bodo-Garo languages. The first point, is that clusters are quite impossible at the end of a syllable: of course ...
Canto - Classical Academic Press
Canto - Classical Academic Press

... will go,” and “I did go.” We add other words such as “I,” “you,” “will,” and “did” to tell us more about who is doing the action in the sentence and when that action happens. In Spanish, instead of adding extra words, you show who is doing the action and when the action happens by changing the last ...
a pregroup analysis of the object pronoun who(m).
a pregroup analysis of the object pronoun who(m).

... interchange (see Kleene [1952]). Refinements and generalizations of this system are still being pursued in articles and books by Moortgat, Oehrle, Morrill, Carpenter, Fadda, Stabler and others, most recently under the name of “type logical grammar” (see Moortgat [1997]). A newer kind of categorial g ...
English particle verbs as complex heads: Evidence from
English particle verbs as complex heads: Evidence from

... (2b) can reanalyse as morphological structures (Zeller 2002). Complex head approaches easily explain the fact that particles are the only elements in English which can appear between verbs and (non-extraposed) objects. The inability of modified particles to undergo particle shift, cf. (3), is also e ...
linking verbs
linking verbs

... that shows a state of being rather than an action. It links the subject of a sentence with a word or words in the predicate. A predicate noun is a noun or pronoun that follows a linking verb and restates the subject of the sentence. A predicate adjective is an adjective that follows a linking verb a ...
sentence structure basics
sentence structure basics

... A. Identify the subjects and verbs in the following sentences by writing an “S” above the subject and a “V” above the verb. Identify the types of clauses by underlining independent clauses once and dependent clauses twice. Then indicate which type of sentence each one is. ...
APPLICATION OF FINITE-STATE TRANSDUCERS TO THE
APPLICATION OF FINITE-STATE TRANSDUCERS TO THE

... There are sixteen constraints treating agreement, which can only resolve part of this kind of ambiguity (for example, the constraints can not be applied to sentences with nonfinite verbs). ...
The Ancient Languages of Asia and the Americas
The Ancient Languages of Asia and the Americas

... documentation. Several early languages first make a significant appearance in the historical record in the fourth/fifth century: thus, Gothic (fourth century; see WAL Ch. 36), Ge’ez (fourth/fifth century; see WAL Ch. 14, §1.3.1), Classical Armenian (fifth century; see WAL Ch. 38), Early Old Georgian ...
1. -ing participle used as gerund
1. -ing participle used as gerund

... objective case is generally regarded as less formal than the genitive case. In this construction, we can use common case of the noun or the pronoun of the inanimate things unless the gerund is used initially. ...
`Word syntax` and semantic principles
`Word syntax` and semantic principles

... Furthermore, it is far from clear whether or not complex words always possess heads determining their categorical features, cf. French compounds of the compte-gouttes type and ‘zero-derivations’ like English to blanket or German weissen ‘to whiten’.5Obviously, phonologically zero head affixes might ...
English grammar: learning the language
English grammar: learning the language

... What were you doing at this time yesterday? 5. Past Continuous (action in progress at a specific time in the past) I was watching a film at this time yesterday. What will you be doing at this time tomorrow? 6. Future Continuous (action that will be in progress at a specific time in the near future) ...
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Old English grammar

The grammar of Old English is quite different from that of Modern English, predominantly by being much more inflected. As an old Germanic language, Old English has a morphological system that is similar to that of the hypothetical Proto-Germanic reconstruction, retaining many of the inflections thought to have been common in Proto-Indo-European and also including characteristically Germanic constructions such as the umlaut.Among living languages, Old English morphology most closely resembles that of modern Icelandic, which is among the most conservative of the Germanic languages; to a lesser extent, the Old English inflectional system is similar to that of modern High German.Nouns, pronouns, adjectives and determiners were fully inflected with five grammatical cases (nominative, accusative, genitive, dative, and instrumental), two grammatical numbers (singular and plural) and three grammatical genders (masculine, feminine, and neuter). First- and second-person personal pronouns also had dual forms for referring to groups of two people, in addition to the usual singular and plural forms.The instrumental case was somewhat rare and occurred only in the masculine and neuter singular; it could typically be replaced by the dative. Adjectives, pronouns and (sometimes) participles agreed with their antecedent nouns in case, number and gender. Finite verbs agreed with their subject in person and number.Nouns came in numerous declensions (with deep parallels in Latin, Ancient Greek and Sanskrit). Verbs came in nine main conjugations (seven strong and two weak), each with numerous subtypes, as well as a few additional smaller conjugations and a handful of irregular verbs. The main difference from other ancient Indo-European languages, such as Latin, is that verbs can be conjugated in only two tenses (vs. the six ""tenses"" – really tense/aspect combinations – of Latin), and have no synthetic passive voice (although it did still exist in Gothic).The grammatical gender of a given noun does not necessarily correspond to its natural gender, even for nouns referring to people. For example, sēo sunne (the Sun) was feminine, se mōna (the Moon) was masculine, and þæt wīf ""the woman/wife"" was neuter. (Compare modern German die Sonne, der Mond, das Weib.) Pronominal usage could reflect either natural or grammatical gender, when it conflicted.
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