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Conjunctions - BasicComposition.Com
Conjunctions - BasicComposition.Com

... S UBORD IN ATIN G CON JUN CTION S A subordinating conjunction p laced at the beginning of an ind ep end ent clau se changes it into a subordinate or dependent clause (no longer a com p lete sentence). It introd u ces the d epend ent clau se and show s how it relates to the ind ep end ent clau se to ...
1 10. Hortative (Excerpt from Eggleston, 2013) The hortative is the
1 10. Hortative (Excerpt from Eggleston, 2013) The hortative is the

... verbs ending in –w preceded by a vowel, words ending in any form of –k or –x preceeded by –oo or –u, and verbs ending in any form of –k or –x followed by –w. In this last case, drop the w- before adding the –u suffix. For example, axlach’éix’w / axlach’éix’u ‘let him get it ...
Do sentences have tense?
Do sentences have tense?

... Finally, there is the morphological region of the lexicon (Mrph, cf. Mayo 2000: 1999). It contains all kinds of affixes. Among the features encoded in Mrph we find again the agreement and the inflectional class features, which, as other features, thus have competing different origins. Moreover, Mrph ...
Nothing Wrong with Finite T: Non-Agreeing Accusative Impersonal
Nothing Wrong with Finite T: Non-Agreeing Accusative Impersonal

... The purpose of the present article is to provide an analysis of different types of accusative impersonal sentences in Slavic languages (henceforth AIs) focusing on often so-called adversity impersonal sentences in Russian (cf. Babby 1994, 1998 among others) given in (1). The common property of AIs i ...
2014-2015 Grammar Tips
2014-2015 Grammar Tips

... INCORRECT: (compound object): Jeff told me that the job was still available, and that the manager wanted to interview me. INCORRECT: I turned the corner, and ran smack into a patrol car. Correct the sentences by deleting the comma. (Notice that in the above examples there is one subject and two verb ...
Gustar and similar verbs
Gustar and similar verbs

... But, of course, in Spanish, pronouns must be placed before me gusta. conjugated verbs. Now, it so happens that, by convention, the subject (in this case El español) is generally placed at the end of the sentence with this type of construction. ...
On Language and Connectionism
On Language and Connectionism

... described a connectionist (parallel distributed processing) model of the acquisition of the past tense in English which successfully maps many stems onto their past tense forms, both regular (walk/walked) and irregular (go/went), and which mimics some of the errors and sequences of development of ch ...
Appendix
Appendix

... Grammar: To keep the who or which from stealing the main verb, remove the who/which clause from the sentence and confirm that a complete thought (a sentence) remains. If not, the who or which may have stolen the main verb. Example: A bedraggled young woman stood at the door. ! A bedraggled young wom ...
Chapter 4 Chapter 4 Nouns, Pronouns , Pronouns , Pronouns and
Chapter 4 Chapter 4 Nouns, Pronouns , Pronouns , Pronouns and

... The grammatical category of person is marked in cross-reference suffixes (§5.2) and pronouns (§4.6). Some cross-reference suffixes (§5.2) and subject resumptive pronouns (§4.6.3) only distinguish between first person and non-first person, i.e. second person and third person are expressed by the same ...
Document
Document

... To reiterate, quantifiers are used to say something about individuals in a set. Most students like syntax. The set (sometimes, restriction) is the set of students. This says that, if you check all of the students individually to see if each likes syntax, you’ll find that most (more than half) of the ...
Cognate objects in Vietnamese transitive verbs
Cognate objects in Vietnamese transitive verbs

... (11) and (12) is that the object is non countable in the former, but countable in the latter (a piece of fire wood). When the CO occurs as a DO, the contextual DO (e.g. fire wood) can occur as a second object only when it refers to a countable object (12c). A mass noun (e.g. fire wood) never occurs ...
Chapter 5 Nawat - DCU School of Computing
Chapter 5 Nawat - DCU School of Computing

... centres in the west of El Salvador, it was not to be found. This was a common theme: a certain booklet was in existence but no one had seen it (they had only heard about it) and it was (often) impossible to track down a copy. When a copy was finally located, it was generally not in a very good state ...
structure 3
structure 3

... The predicate of a sentence must start with a finite verb or a finite verb group (a finite verb is the one which changes its form, depending on the number of the subject and the time reference). The following are examples of sentences and the brackets contain the types of predicate used in the sente ...
Grammar Practice Workbook
Grammar Practice Workbook

... 1. Usually our family vacations are ____________________________________________________ 2. That group’s latest hit song was_____________________________________________________ 3. The chocolate milk tastes _________________________________________________________ 4. After making a foul shot to tie ...
The creation of tense and aspect systems in the languages of the
The creation of tense and aspect systems in the languages of the

... In Dahl's project, data were collected through a questionnaire containing about 150 sentences with indications of contexts, chosen in such a way as to give as good a sample of the tense-mood-aspect field as possible. The questionnaire was translated into 64 languages by native informants. Interferen ...
3. Moroccan Arabic - Hal-SHS
3. Moroccan Arabic - Hal-SHS

... with all (or at least most) semantic classes of verbs. – Paradigmatic substitution is only possible for the auxiliary. Verbal particles, whether of verbal origin or not, only differ from auxiliaries in their degree of grammaticalisation, in the sense that they are more grammaticalised than verbal au ...
Syntax I
Syntax I

... Parts of speech (large lexical categories) are best defined with reference to morphology. E.g., in English, only verbs take all of the inflectional endings -ed (past), -s (3pers.sg), and ing (progressive). Lexical subcategories (e.g. main verbs versus the auxiliaries have/be) may again be definable ...
Grammar Practice Workbook
Grammar Practice Workbook

... 1. Usually our family vacations are ____________________________________________________ 2. That group’s latest hit song was_____________________________________________________ 3. The chocolate milk tastes _________________________________________________________ 4. After making a foul shot to tie ...
Zipf`s law and the grammar of languages: A quantitative
Zipf`s law and the grammar of languages: A quantitative

... case. Distinctively means that there are at least two separate inflectional forms which are used without mutual overlap, i.e. without case syncretism. For example, the OE noun land (MnE. land, country) displays case syncretism for the nominative and accusative, but can be distinctively marked for th ...
More than One Sense Per Discourse
More than One Sense Per Discourse

... Some of the examples occurred in less than four files, but we mention them because they help to illustrate the members of the class. ...
Journal of Linguistics Bare nominals and incorporating verbs in
Journal of Linguistics Bare nominals and incorporating verbs in

... not discuss this issue further here. As a final preliminary comment, it is important to note that the expressions in (1) and (3) are not idiomatic or fixed : any BN can appear as an object, as long as the overall interpretive conditions on the resulting verb phrase (described in detail below) are sa ...
TWO CLASSES OF DOUBLE OBJECT VERBS: THE ROLE OF
TWO CLASSES OF DOUBLE OBJECT VERBS: THE ROLE OF

... Marantz (1993), McGinnis (1998) and Anagnostopoulou (1999a, 1999b) have proposed that in these languages vAPPL assigns morphological dative or genitive case to the argument it introduces, and therefore the indirect object surfaces with dative case morphology. Nevertheless, the indirect object is act ...
Mood, voice and auxiliaries C1
Mood, voice and auxiliaries C1

... continues into the present. In that case, 'since,' 'for,' 'how long' or 'since when' are used. Note: When since (sense of time) is followed by a clause, the verb of the clause is in the preterite. A state or an action that has just been Example: accomplished. I've just finished an excellent book. No ...
Navajo Coordination - Swarthmore College
Navajo Coordination - Swarthmore College

... postpositional phrases, and postpositions. Other conjunctions are less versatile. Conjunctions differ in other ways. For example, l¢i’ can be used as a determiner or as a conjunction. Other conjunctions cannot do this, but some can only appear between two clauses while others can additionally appear ...
Online Chapter One Subjects and Predicates
Online Chapter One Subjects and Predicates

... these introducers add to the meaning of the sentence, they are not grammatically essential. Leave them out and you still have a sentence left. In the case of “In most English sentences the subject comes first,” that sentence would be “The subject comes first.” However drawn out they become, introduc ...
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Old English grammar

The grammar of Old English is quite different from that of Modern English, predominantly by being much more inflected. As an old Germanic language, Old English has a morphological system that is similar to that of the hypothetical Proto-Germanic reconstruction, retaining many of the inflections thought to have been common in Proto-Indo-European and also including characteristically Germanic constructions such as the umlaut.Among living languages, Old English morphology most closely resembles that of modern Icelandic, which is among the most conservative of the Germanic languages; to a lesser extent, the Old English inflectional system is similar to that of modern High German.Nouns, pronouns, adjectives and determiners were fully inflected with five grammatical cases (nominative, accusative, genitive, dative, and instrumental), two grammatical numbers (singular and plural) and three grammatical genders (masculine, feminine, and neuter). First- and second-person personal pronouns also had dual forms for referring to groups of two people, in addition to the usual singular and plural forms.The instrumental case was somewhat rare and occurred only in the masculine and neuter singular; it could typically be replaced by the dative. Adjectives, pronouns and (sometimes) participles agreed with their antecedent nouns in case, number and gender. Finite verbs agreed with their subject in person and number.Nouns came in numerous declensions (with deep parallels in Latin, Ancient Greek and Sanskrit). Verbs came in nine main conjugations (seven strong and two weak), each with numerous subtypes, as well as a few additional smaller conjugations and a handful of irregular verbs. The main difference from other ancient Indo-European languages, such as Latin, is that verbs can be conjugated in only two tenses (vs. the six ""tenses"" – really tense/aspect combinations – of Latin), and have no synthetic passive voice (although it did still exist in Gothic).The grammatical gender of a given noun does not necessarily correspond to its natural gender, even for nouns referring to people. For example, sēo sunne (the Sun) was feminine, se mōna (the Moon) was masculine, and þæt wīf ""the woman/wife"" was neuter. (Compare modern German die Sonne, der Mond, das Weib.) Pronominal usage could reflect either natural or grammatical gender, when it conflicted.
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