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verb complementation
verb complementation

... complementation after Germanic verba sentiendi renders such descriptions incomplete and in the case of generative descrip­ tions, too powerful, since they generate ungrammatical embeddings. The present work is intended as a contribution to a more adequate description of embedding processes in German ...
Aspects of the Syntactic Problems of Esan Learners
Aspects of the Syntactic Problems of Esan Learners

... TL because of the similarities inherent between the MT and TL. Although the whole idea of interference is based on transfer theory, ‘error analysis and contrastive analysis are carried out to show vividly the problems [usually of negative transfer which] a learner might have in the study of the targ ...
Characteristics of Mandarin Imperatives Joan Chen-Main
Characteristics of Mandarin Imperatives Joan Chen-Main

... carry the force of an order, we can reasonably assume that these sentences belong to one class rather than multiple classes. We can also assume that the label imperatives is an appropriate one for this class and that the shared properties provide a characterization of imperatives in Mandarin. The ma ...
Translating linguistic time
Translating linguistic time

... It suggests first of all, as Lathey rightly points out (2006:134), that tense in narratives may be linked to dominant literary conventions within languages. I would add, however, that it very often has to do with what translators and editors believe and maintain is the acceptable literary convention ...
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... Deh cannot appear with the temporal adverb yestadei, nor with any adverb for that matter. Recall that a characteristic of topics is that they represent old information. At this point it is worth pointing out that the only element which necessarily encodes old information in sentence (21a) is the arg ...
The Bamunka Noun Phrase
The Bamunka Noun Phrase

... The second line of each example is based on the most current orthography (Blackwell, 2011) but is broken down into individual morphemes, with some spelling adjustments, as deemed necessary to reflect the analysis. Any syllable-final /ŋ/ represents nasalisation of the vowel. It does not represent a s ...
Serbo-Croatian Word Order - coli.uni
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... i.e. the expression Marko is a phonological word b. ` sam : c read as: ‘sam is a term of type c’, i.e. the expression sam is a clitic ...
Martina Mašková - Univerzita Karlova
Martina Mašková - Univerzita Karlova

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German - Wikimedia Commons
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create questions - hilliardsclass.com
create questions - hilliardsclass.com

... “Cookie all gone”; “Go bye-bye.” Before long, your sentences began to resemble those of adults. And by the time you started school, you were an expert in your native language. Well, almost an expert. Ihcre were still a few gaps in your system. For example, you didn’t start using verb phrases as dire ...
Core Syntax: A Minimalist Approach
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... depending on the viewpoint you take. In this book, I have tried to highlight three apsects. Many working syntacticians will disagree that these are the core areas, but I hope that everyone will agree that they at least provide a consistent perspective. Firstly, I have tried to emphasize that an impo ...
Process - Universitatea din Craiova
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... that functional grammar makes use of class labels like noun, verb or adjective which we already know. Beyond these, functional grammar makes extensive use of function labels such as Actor, Process, Goal, Theme, Rheme, Deictic, Classifier and so on, many of which may be new to you. Text Analysis – Th ...
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50. Verbal mood - Semantics Archive
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... including the analyses of Bolinger (1968), Hooper (1975), and James (1986). Her overview of this work shows the need for a precise, rigorous analysis within a linguistically oriented semantic theory. Subsequently, mainstream work on verbal mood within semantics has been based on the idea that mood s ...
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... n  True definition: there is, there are ...
Generative Approaches to Syntactic Typology George Gibbard
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... structure; English shows case only in a few pronouns, such as 'he' versus 'him.' Marking of a verb which clarifies its argument structure is often called 'voice,' the distinction of active versus passive verbs in English being an example. Syntax also encodes grammatical relations in a variety of way ...
STRUCTURAL PRIMING IN TURKISH GENITIVE
STRUCTURAL PRIMING IN TURKISH GENITIVE

... There is a very special person without whom this thesis would not have been possible. Ayşe Betül Toplu, you have done so much more for me and for this thesis than you think you did. You were there with me at every step, since the very beginning until the end. Your ideas, suggestions and feedback ha ...
university of craiova - Universitatea din Craiova
university of craiova - Universitatea din Craiova

... that functional grammar makes use of class labels nike noun, verb or adjective which we already know. Beyond these, functional grammar makes extensive use of function labels such as Actor, Process, Goal, Theme, Rheme, Deictic, Classifier and so on, many of which may be new to you. Text Analysis – Th ...
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... Russian has comitative prepositional phrases which are VP-adjuncts consisting of the preposition s (with) and an instrumental case-marked NP. I will summarize the main arguments in favor of distinguishing adjunction from s-coordination. Some of these arguments have been mentioned in previous literat ...
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Clause linking in Japhug - Hal-SHS
Clause linking in Japhug - Hal-SHS

... Following the Leipzig glossing rules, we indicate stem 2 as [II] and stem 3 as [III] in the glosses in this paper. 2.1.3 Finite TAM categories There are nine basic finite TAM categories in Japhug, as represented in Table (4). All finite forms except the factual require one and only one directional pre ...
Negation in Germanic Languages
Negation in Germanic Languages

... Moreover, in chapter 115 on WALS, Haspelmath (1997) distinguishes between three different types of constructions regarding negative indefinite pronouns. The following examples from chapter 115 (Haspelmath 1997) on WALS show how the negator (of predicate negation) obligatorily co-occurs with indefini ...
STAGE III  (Grades 3‐5)
STAGE III (Grades 3‐5)

... d. Form and use possessives. 3.L.1 Demonstrate command of the conventions of standard English grammar and usage when writing or speaking. a. Explain the function of nouns, pronouns, verbs, adjectives, and adverbs in general and their functions in particular sentences. 3.L.1 Demonstrate command of th ...
Presentation sentences in fiction and academic prose: a syntactico
Presentation sentences in fiction and academic prose: a syntactico

... semantic character of the presentation verb and in the semantic affinity it displays with its subject. From the syntactic viewpoint, the sentential architecture of presentation sentences is examined as well as the distribution of the syntactic realisations in text. The study also offers results as r ...
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Old English grammar

The grammar of Old English is quite different from that of Modern English, predominantly by being much more inflected. As an old Germanic language, Old English has a morphological system that is similar to that of the hypothetical Proto-Germanic reconstruction, retaining many of the inflections thought to have been common in Proto-Indo-European and also including characteristically Germanic constructions such as the umlaut.Among living languages, Old English morphology most closely resembles that of modern Icelandic, which is among the most conservative of the Germanic languages; to a lesser extent, the Old English inflectional system is similar to that of modern High German.Nouns, pronouns, adjectives and determiners were fully inflected with five grammatical cases (nominative, accusative, genitive, dative, and instrumental), two grammatical numbers (singular and plural) and three grammatical genders (masculine, feminine, and neuter). First- and second-person personal pronouns also had dual forms for referring to groups of two people, in addition to the usual singular and plural forms.The instrumental case was somewhat rare and occurred only in the masculine and neuter singular; it could typically be replaced by the dative. Adjectives, pronouns and (sometimes) participles agreed with their antecedent nouns in case, number and gender. Finite verbs agreed with their subject in person and number.Nouns came in numerous declensions (with deep parallels in Latin, Ancient Greek and Sanskrit). Verbs came in nine main conjugations (seven strong and two weak), each with numerous subtypes, as well as a few additional smaller conjugations and a handful of irregular verbs. The main difference from other ancient Indo-European languages, such as Latin, is that verbs can be conjugated in only two tenses (vs. the six ""tenses"" – really tense/aspect combinations – of Latin), and have no synthetic passive voice (although it did still exist in Gothic).The grammatical gender of a given noun does not necessarily correspond to its natural gender, even for nouns referring to people. For example, sēo sunne (the Sun) was feminine, se mōna (the Moon) was masculine, and þæt wīf ""the woman/wife"" was neuter. (Compare modern German die Sonne, der Mond, das Weib.) Pronominal usage could reflect either natural or grammatical gender, when it conflicted.
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