Word - The Physics Teacher.ie
... Why should a thin metal film reflect heavy high-speed bullets, like the alphaparticles produced by a radioactive source? Geiger and Marsden made their measurement and ran back breathlessly to Rutherford. They had observed that some alpha-particles were indeed bouncing back. In Rutherford’s words: “I ...
... Why should a thin metal film reflect heavy high-speed bullets, like the alphaparticles produced by a radioactive source? Geiger and Marsden made their measurement and ran back breathlessly to Rutherford. They had observed that some alpha-particles were indeed bouncing back. In Rutherford’s words: “I ...
Lecture1(SynchrotronRadiationI) - Indico
... Electromagnetic radiation is emitted by charged particles when accelerated ...
... Electromagnetic radiation is emitted by charged particles when accelerated ...
03 Radiometers and Image Intensifiers
... capacity. These are extremely sensitive and broadband devices. Micro bolometers absorb thermal energy over all wavelengths and do not require cryogenic cooling even when operating in the far IR. They are often used for low-cost commercial applications. Their main disadvantage is a very poor detectiv ...
... capacity. These are extremely sensitive and broadband devices. Micro bolometers absorb thermal energy over all wavelengths and do not require cryogenic cooling even when operating in the far IR. They are often used for low-cost commercial applications. Their main disadvantage is a very poor detectiv ...
IR Spectroscopy
... • Infrared waves have wavelengths longer than visible and shorter than microwaves, and have frequencies which are lower than visible and higher than microwaves. ...
... • Infrared waves have wavelengths longer than visible and shorter than microwaves, and have frequencies which are lower than visible and higher than microwaves. ...
Review
... ! To get an expression for the pressure exerted by the electromagnetic wave in terms of the intensity of the wave, we remember that • the intensity is power per unit area • power is energy per unit time ...
... ! To get an expression for the pressure exerted by the electromagnetic wave in terms of the intensity of the wave, we remember that • the intensity is power per unit area • power is energy per unit time ...
Word - Structured Independent Learning
... If the car was initially moving at 18 km/h, the driver had a mass of 70 kg, and the air bag stopped him in 0.10 s, the magnitude of the force acting on the driver during the ...
... If the car was initially moving at 18 km/h, the driver had a mass of 70 kg, and the air bag stopped him in 0.10 s, the magnitude of the force acting on the driver during the ...
Physics 12 Notes Modern Physics Learning Outcomes (Students will
... unification in physics", after the first one carried out by Isaac Newton. Maxwell demonstrated that electric and magnetic fields travel through space in the form of waves, and at the constant speed of light or c (approx. 3.00 x 108 m/s). Finally, in 1864 Maxwell wrote "A Dynamical Theory of the Elec ...
... unification in physics", after the first one carried out by Isaac Newton. Maxwell demonstrated that electric and magnetic fields travel through space in the form of waves, and at the constant speed of light or c (approx. 3.00 x 108 m/s). Finally, in 1864 Maxwell wrote "A Dynamical Theory of the Elec ...
Interaction of Radiation with Matter
... Not subjected to Coulomb force. Neutral particles first have to produce charged particles, which are consequently detected thru their interactions. ...
... Not subjected to Coulomb force. Neutral particles first have to produce charged particles, which are consequently detected thru their interactions. ...
Synchrotron radiation
... electron is random and the spatial and temporal coherence of the radiation is limited. The electrons emit radiation in an undulator incoherently In a FEL the electron interact back with the radiation emitted in the undulator. Under certain conditions this process can generate a microbunching of the ...
... electron is random and the spatial and temporal coherence of the radiation is limited. The electrons emit radiation in an undulator incoherently In a FEL the electron interact back with the radiation emitted in the undulator. Under certain conditions this process can generate a microbunching of the ...
Electromagnetic Radiation and Polarization
... 6000 kelvin (K)) yields a continuous spectrum of EM energy. Produces a large amount of relatively short wavelength energy that travels through the vacuum of space at the speed of light. Some of this energy is intercepted by the Earth, where it interacts with the atmosphere and surface materials. The ...
... 6000 kelvin (K)) yields a continuous spectrum of EM energy. Produces a large amount of relatively short wavelength energy that travels through the vacuum of space at the speed of light. Some of this energy is intercepted by the Earth, where it interacts with the atmosphere and surface materials. The ...
Pavel A. Cerenkov - Nobel Lecture
... In these reports the universal character of this light and its unusual properties were described and the conviction expressed that the newly discovered light could not, in view of its properties, be a luminescence phenomenon at all. By further experiments it was established that this light was not r ...
... In these reports the universal character of this light and its unusual properties were described and the conviction expressed that the newly discovered light could not, in view of its properties, be a luminescence phenomenon at all. By further experiments it was established that this light was not r ...
The Mössbauer Effect in 57Fe
... shift caused by the recoil of nuclei is also known from atomic physics, but there the shift is much smaller since the transition energies and therefore the recoil energies are much lower than in the case of nuclear physics. In 1958, Rudolph Mössbauer discovered that some of the nuclei in the crysta ...
... shift caused by the recoil of nuclei is also known from atomic physics, but there the shift is much smaller since the transition energies and therefore the recoil energies are much lower than in the case of nuclear physics. In 1958, Rudolph Mössbauer discovered that some of the nuclei in the crysta ...
GRB prompt emission
... shocked gas streaming behind us at speed vd=1/4 vu. Consider now electrons initially at rest in the unshocked gas frame. They see the shock approaching at vu but they also see the hot shocked gas approaching at 3/4 vu. As they cross the shock they are accelerated to a mean speed of 3/4 vu, as viewed ...
... shocked gas streaming behind us at speed vd=1/4 vu. Consider now electrons initially at rest in the unshocked gas frame. They see the shock approaching at vu but they also see the hot shocked gas approaching at 3/4 vu. As they cross the shock they are accelerated to a mean speed of 3/4 vu, as viewed ...
Electromagnetic Energy
... Ue-m = ∫ utot dV where the integral covers the volume of the region under consideration. Let PQ represent the total work per unit time done in transferring energy from the electromagnetic fields into other forms. Then Poynting's theorem states that ...
... Ue-m = ∫ utot dV where the integral covers the volume of the region under consideration. Let PQ represent the total work per unit time done in transferring energy from the electromagnetic fields into other forms. Then Poynting's theorem states that ...
ASRC Aerospace Corporation Final Report
... such as solar flares. Most SPE radiation is approximately isotropic at a given point in space because of the influence of the solar system magnetic field lines on the charged particle trajectories. The composition of SPE radiation tends toward the low-atomic-mass ions, such as ionized hydrogen and h ...
... such as solar flares. Most SPE radiation is approximately isotropic at a given point in space because of the influence of the solar system magnetic field lines on the charged particle trajectories. The composition of SPE radiation tends toward the low-atomic-mass ions, such as ionized hydrogen and h ...
Electromagnetic radiation
... different ways. When electromagnetic radiation is incident on matter, it causes the charged particles to oscillate and gain energy. The ultimate fate of this energy depends on the situation. It could be immediately re-radiated and appear as scattered, reflected, or transmitted radiation. It may also ...
... different ways. When electromagnetic radiation is incident on matter, it causes the charged particles to oscillate and gain energy. The ultimate fate of this energy depends on the situation. It could be immediately re-radiated and appear as scattered, reflected, or transmitted radiation. It may also ...
Chapter 2 The Properties of Electromagnetic Radiation
... Light is electromagnetic radiation at those frequencies to which human eyes (and those of most other sighted species) happen to be sensitive. But the electromagnetic spectrum has no upper or lower limit of frequencies. It certainly has a much broader range of frequencies than the human eye can detec ...
... Light is electromagnetic radiation at those frequencies to which human eyes (and those of most other sighted species) happen to be sensitive. But the electromagnetic spectrum has no upper or lower limit of frequencies. It certainly has a much broader range of frequencies than the human eye can detec ...
GRB prompt emission
... Let’s assume that a faster shell (2) impacts on a slower the leading shell (1); If t=tv is the average interval between two pulses (interval between shells ejection) ...
... Let’s assume that a faster shell (2) impacts on a slower the leading shell (1); If t=tv is the average interval between two pulses (interval between shells ejection) ...
Chapter 4. Electromagnetic Radiation in Analysis (Chapter 3
... In addition to linear polarization, waves can be elliptically and circularly polarized. In circularly polarized beams the vector E rotates in direction along the propagation direction. Elliptically polarized radiation is a mixture of circularly and linearly polarized radiations, i.e. there is some ...
... In addition to linear polarization, waves can be elliptically and circularly polarized. In circularly polarized beams the vector E rotates in direction along the propagation direction. Elliptically polarized radiation is a mixture of circularly and linearly polarized radiations, i.e. there is some ...
On the physical structure of radiant energy: waves and
... In all our considerations on the propagation of radiant energy the concept of ether, like transmissive medium, never appears because whether in the wave theory of electromagnetic field or in the corpuscular theory of light the ether isn’ t necessary to explain phenomena of propagation and diffractio ...
... In all our considerations on the propagation of radiant energy the concept of ether, like transmissive medium, never appears because whether in the wave theory of electromagnetic field or in the corpuscular theory of light the ether isn’ t necessary to explain phenomena of propagation and diffractio ...
Quanta to Quarks part 2 - Connecting-Sharing-and
... The moderator must contain light atoms so that when the fast neutrons collide with the moderator atoms, they move them and thus give away some of their kinetic energy. If they collided with heavy atoms such as lead, they would simply bounce off with their original energies. Commonly used moderator ...
... The moderator must contain light atoms so that when the fast neutrons collide with the moderator atoms, they move them and thus give away some of their kinetic energy. If they collided with heavy atoms such as lead, they would simply bounce off with their original energies. Commonly used moderator ...
What can we Learn from the Electromagnetic Spectrum?
... The seven parts of the EMS are listed in Table 1, along with their approximate wavelength and energy ranges (although in principle the EMS extends to infinity, here we only discuss the measurable part of A). The ratio between the largest and the smallest wavelength, or energy, at the two extremes of ...
... The seven parts of the EMS are listed in Table 1, along with their approximate wavelength and energy ranges (although in principle the EMS extends to infinity, here we only discuss the measurable part of A). The ratio between the largest and the smallest wavelength, or energy, at the two extremes of ...
Absorbance of Electromagnetic Radiation
... from one molecular orbital moves to another orbital with an increase or decrease in the energy of the molecule • The lowest energy electronic transition in formaldehyde involves the promotion of a non-bonding (n) electron to the anti-bonding * orbital ...
... from one molecular orbital moves to another orbital with an increase or decrease in the energy of the molecule • The lowest energy electronic transition in formaldehyde involves the promotion of a non-bonding (n) electron to the anti-bonding * orbital ...
Effects of nuclear explosions
The energy released from a nuclear weapon detonated in the troposphere can be divided into four basic categories: Blast—40–50% of total energy Thermal radiation—30–50% of total energy Ionizing radiation—5% of total energy (more in a neutron bomb) Residual radiation—5–10% of total energy with the mass of the explosionHowever, depending on the design of the weapon and the environment in which it is detonated the energy distributed to these categories can be increased or decreased. The blast effect is created by the coupling of immense amounts of energy, spanning the electromagnetic spectrum, with the surroundings. Locations such as submarine, surface, air burst, or exo-atmospheric determine how much energy is produced as blast and how much as radiation. In general, denser media around the bomb, like water, absorb more energy, and create more powerful shockwaves while at the same time limiting the area of its effect.When an air burst occurs lethal blast and thermal effects proportionally scale much more rapidly than lethal radiation effects, as higher and higher yield nuclear weapons are used.The physical-damage mechanisms of a nuclear weapon (blast and thermal radiation) are identical to those of conventional explosives. However, the energy produced by a nuclear explosive is millions of times more powerful per gram and the temperatures reached are briefly in the tens of millions of degrees.Energy from a nuclear explosive is initially released in several forms of penetrating radiation. When there is a surrounding material such as air, rock, or water, this radiation interacts with and rapidly heats it to an equilibrium temperature (i.e. so that the matter is at the same temperature as the atomic bomb's matter). This causes vaporization of surrounding material resulting in its rapid expansion. Kinetic energy created by this expansion contributes to the formation of a shockwave. When a nuclear detonation occurs in air near sea level, much of the released energy interacts with the atmosphere and creates a shockwave which expands spherically from the hypocenter. Intense thermal radiation at the hypocenter forms a nuclear fireball and if the burst is low enough, it is often associated mushroom cloud. In a burst at high altitudes, where the air density is low, more energy is released as ionizing gamma radiation and x-rays than an atmosphere-displacing shockwave.In 1942 there was some initial speculation among the scientists developing the first nuclear weapons that there might be a possibility of igniting the Earth's atmosphere with a large enough nuclear explosion. This would concern a nuclear reaction of two nitrogen atoms forming a carbon and an oxygen atom, with release of energy. This energy would heat up the remaining nitrogen enough to keep the reaction going until all nitrogen atoms were consumed. Hans Bethe was assigned the task of studying whether there was a possibility in the very early days, and concluded there was no possibility due to inverse Compton effect cooling of the fireball. Richard Hamming, a mathematician, was asked to make a similar calculation just before Trinity, with the same result. Nevertheless, the notion has persisted as a rumor for many years, and was the source of black humor at the Trinity test.