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Sales promotion
Sales promotion

... communication is advertising. Advertising is referred to as 'above the line' promotion. Other types of promotion such as special offers and discounts are referred to as being 'below the line'. Advertising communicates the desirability, emotional benefits and exclusive features of the product. ...
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... Internal economies of scale are the reduced costs brought to a single firm from being large. Internal economies of scale include: Specialization: In large firms, there can be specialized managers who have individual areas of expertise, such as production, finance or marketing and can therefore be mo ...
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... for success in foreign markets. Establishing prices for international markets is not an easy task. Decisions with regards to product, price, and distribution for international markets are unique to each country according to Jain (1989) and differ from those in the domestic market stated by Diller an ...
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Slide 13-1 CHAPTER 13 - Dakota State University

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... Market variability - If most buyers have the same tastes, buy the same amounts, and react the same way to marketing efforts, undifferentiated marketing is appropriate. Finally, competitors’ marketing strategies are important. When competitors use differentiated or concentrated marketing, undifferent ...
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... We envision a marketing system that quickly and efficiently moves wholesome, affordable vitamin products from the manufacturer to the consumer. Our target customer, who can take the nutrition of our product. Our product must be diversified as the consumer need. We have to create our market demand an ...
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Ch. 11: Unique Marketing Issues Confronting New Ventures (PDF, 299 KB)

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Price discrimination

Price discrimination or price differentiation is a pricing strategy where identical or largely similar goods or services are transacted at different prices by the same provider in different markets. Price differentiation is distinguished from product differentiation by the more substantial difference in production cost for the differently priced products involved in the latter strategy. Price differentiation essentially relies on the variation in the customers' willingness to pay.The term differential pricing is also used to describe the practice of charging different prices to different buyers for the same quality and quantity of a product, but it can also refer to a combination of price differentiation and product differentiation. Other terms used to refer to price discrimination include equity pricing, preferential pricing, and tiered pricing. Within the broader domain of price differentiation, a commonly accepted classification dating to the 1920s is: Personalized pricing (or first-degree price differentiation) — selling to each customer at a different price; this is also called one-to-one marketing. The optimal incarnation of this is called perfect price discrimination and maximizes the price that each customer is willing to pay, although it is extremely difficult to achieve in practice because a means of determining the precise willingness to pay of each customer has not yet been developed. Group pricing (or third-degree price differentiation) — dividing the market in segments and charging the same price for everyone in each segment This is essentially a heuristic approximation that simplifies the problem in face of the difficulties with personalized pricing. A typical example is student discounts. Product versioning or simply versioning (or second-degree price differentiation) — offering a product line by creating slightly different products for the purpose of price differentiation, i.e. a vertical product line. Another name given to versioning is menu pricing.↑ ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5 ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 ↑ 9.0 9.1 ↑ ↑ 11.0 11.1 ↑ ↑
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