The Full Employment Surplus Revisited
... Most of these uses require a quantification of the full employment surplus in a consistent time series. The standard calculations have been based on an assumed level of real output equal to "potential output," which in turn is the estimated trend line of production consistent with an average unemplo ...
... Most of these uses require a quantification of the full employment surplus in a consistent time series. The standard calculations have been based on an assumed level of real output equal to "potential output," which in turn is the estimated trend line of production consistent with an average unemplo ...
Recent Trends in Mongolian Foreign Trade with Northeast Asian
... Liberalization of trade aimed at integration with international trade was an important part of the Mongolia’s government initial economic transformation policy. Mongolia’s economy attained relatively high growths before the transition. The annual average growth rate accounted for 8.1% during the per ...
... Liberalization of trade aimed at integration with international trade was an important part of the Mongolia’s government initial economic transformation policy. Mongolia’s economy attained relatively high growths before the transition. The annual average growth rate accounted for 8.1% during the per ...
The Changing Dynamics of the Global Business Cycle
... are the longest in three decades. At the country level, past expansions have ended for a variety of reasons, including unsustainable fiscal or external imbalances, monetary policy tightening in the face of rising inflation, cross-country spillovers, commodity and asset price swings, and associated f ...
... are the longest in three decades. At the country level, past expansions have ended for a variety of reasons, including unsustainable fiscal or external imbalances, monetary policy tightening in the face of rising inflation, cross-country spillovers, commodity and asset price swings, and associated f ...
Internationalization of the Renminbi
... reliance on the USD for international trade and investment, which could not only help domestic enterprises decrease exchange cost and exchange rate risk, but also slow down the People’s Bank of China’s (PBoC’s) accumulation of foreign exchange reserves (Gao and Yu 2012; Yu 2012; Wang, Hu and Weng 20 ...
... reliance on the USD for international trade and investment, which could not only help domestic enterprises decrease exchange cost and exchange rate risk, but also slow down the People’s Bank of China’s (PBoC’s) accumulation of foreign exchange reserves (Gao and Yu 2012; Yu 2012; Wang, Hu and Weng 20 ...
Workers` Remittances: An Important
... characterize portfolio flows to emerging markets. Overseas residents are more likely to continue to invest in their home country despite economic adversity than are foreign investors, an effect that is similar to the home-bias in investment (World Bank 2001). This relative stability has encouraged s ...
... characterize portfolio flows to emerging markets. Overseas residents are more likely to continue to invest in their home country despite economic adversity than are foreign investors, an effect that is similar to the home-bias in investment (World Bank 2001). This relative stability has encouraged s ...
Chapter 3. From Recession to Recovery: How Soon and How
... the absence of deposit insurance, they withdrew their deposits—the banks’ main external funding source. There were four waves of bank runs. Overall, about a third of all U.S. banks failed during 1930–33. Such bank failures and losses also played an important role in other economies. In particular, ...
... the absence of deposit insurance, they withdrew their deposits—the banks’ main external funding source. There were four waves of bank runs. Overall, about a third of all U.S. banks failed during 1930–33. Such bank failures and losses also played an important role in other economies. In particular, ...
Argentina: From From Default to Default
... Chart 16: Current account balance: 2001 - 2014 ............................................................................................. 57 ...
... Chart 16: Current account balance: 2001 - 2014 ............................................................................................. 57 ...
Asia and Pacific Preparing for Choppy Seas
... Europe and the United States. For many countries in the region, on current trends, per capita income (benchmarked against the United States) will be much lower than that reached by advanced economies at a similar peak in their aging cycle. The drag on future growth from aging could be significant es ...
... Europe and the United States. For many countries in the region, on current trends, per capita income (benchmarked against the United States) will be much lower than that reached by advanced economies at a similar peak in their aging cycle. The drag on future growth from aging could be significant es ...
Fiscal Policy and EMU
... behavior of fiscal policy in the first two years of EMU. One of the main issues that has arisen is the medium-run target that countries should have in mind in order to keep their budget deficits away from the 3% limit. To answer this question one needs to produce estimates of the normal cyclical beh ...
... behavior of fiscal policy in the first two years of EMU. One of the main issues that has arisen is the medium-run target that countries should have in mind in order to keep their budget deficits away from the 3% limit. To answer this question one needs to produce estimates of the normal cyclical beh ...
Asia Pacific Regional Economic Outlook, May 9, 2017
... Europe and the United States. For many countries in the region, on current trends, per capita income (benchmarked against the United States) will be much lower than that reached by advanced economies at a similar peak in their aging cycle. The drag on future growth from aging could be significant es ...
... Europe and the United States. For many countries in the region, on current trends, per capita income (benchmarked against the United States) will be much lower than that reached by advanced economies at a similar peak in their aging cycle. The drag on future growth from aging could be significant es ...
Monetary and Fiscal Policies in a Sudden Stop: Is tighter brigther
... future costs of financial restructuring, and --depending on the balance of payments situation -- to reduce the current account deficit.” On the other hand, others have argued that a sudden stop, that would inevitably precipitate a contraction, is precisely the time in which both monetary and fiscal ...
... future costs of financial restructuring, and --depending on the balance of payments situation -- to reduce the current account deficit.” On the other hand, others have argued that a sudden stop, that would inevitably precipitate a contraction, is precisely the time in which both monetary and fiscal ...
mmi06 kletzer 1923465 en
... unanticipated inflation with nominal debt contracts is only desirable if outstanding debt exceeds a critical threshold. Also, in the optimum, inflation at most eliminates net real interest on nominal bonds. The two contrasting equilibria bring out constraints on both fiscal and monetary policy. With ...
... unanticipated inflation with nominal debt contracts is only desirable if outstanding debt exceeds a critical threshold. Also, in the optimum, inflation at most eliminates net real interest on nominal bonds. The two contrasting equilibria bring out constraints on both fiscal and monetary policy. With ...
2016 World Economic Situation
... energy-related carbon emissions experienced no growth in 2014 for the first time in 20 years, with the exception of 2009 when the global economy contracted, suggesting that a delinking of economic growth and carbon emission growth is possible with appropriate policies and adequate investment. Low-ca ...
... energy-related carbon emissions experienced no growth in 2014 for the first time in 20 years, with the exception of 2009 when the global economy contracted, suggesting that a delinking of economic growth and carbon emission growth is possible with appropriate policies and adequate investment. Low-ca ...
World Economic Situation and Prospects 2016
... energy-related carbon emissions experienced no growth in 2014 for the first time in 20 years, with the exception of 2009 when the global economy contracted, suggesting that a delinking of economic growth and carbon emission growth is possible with appropriate policies and adequate investment. Low-ca ...
... energy-related carbon emissions experienced no growth in 2014 for the first time in 20 years, with the exception of 2009 when the global economy contracted, suggesting that a delinking of economic growth and carbon emission growth is possible with appropriate policies and adequate investment. Low-ca ...
Français: FIFO Español: FIFO
... the exporter in the event of default of the foreign buyer. In practice, the factoring house purchases the trade credits of its client and handles the collection on the receivables on its own behalf. Factoring may thus be a convenient option for firms without an effective collection department or whi ...
... the exporter in the event of default of the foreign buyer. In practice, the factoring house purchases the trade credits of its client and handles the collection on the receivables on its own behalf. Factoring may thus be a convenient option for firms without an effective collection department or whi ...
PROGRESS TOWARDS CONVERGENCE 1996
... considered. In respect of exchange rate developments, the EMI does not at this stage consider it appropriate to give a precise ex ante operational content to the measurement of exchange rate stability according to Article 109j of the Treaty, which could also mechanically be applied to forthcoming pe ...
... considered. In respect of exchange rate developments, the EMI does not at this stage consider it appropriate to give a precise ex ante operational content to the measurement of exchange rate stability according to Article 109j of the Treaty, which could also mechanically be applied to forthcoming pe ...
IMF Staff Papers - Columbia Business School
... participation in IMF loan programs actually reduced national economic growth, even after selection bias among slow-growth countries was taken into account. Using a similar methodology, Abouharb (2001) argued that World Bank loans have had no discernible impact on growth rates in recipient countries. ...
... participation in IMF loan programs actually reduced national economic growth, even after selection bias among slow-growth countries was taken into account. Using a similar methodology, Abouharb (2001) argued that World Bank loans have had no discernible impact on growth rates in recipient countries. ...
(Textbook) Behavior in Organizations, 8ed (AB Shani)
... Firms in the same industry often undertake foreign direct investment around the same time and tend to direct their investment activities towards certain locations Knickerbocker looked at the relationship between FDI and rivalry in oligopolistic industries (industries composed of a limited number o ...
... Firms in the same industry often undertake foreign direct investment around the same time and tend to direct their investment activities towards certain locations Knickerbocker looked at the relationship between FDI and rivalry in oligopolistic industries (industries composed of a limited number o ...
The Impact of Foreign Interest Rates on the Economy
... Specifically, base-country interest rates that are 1 percentage point higher lead to a 0.20 percentage point decline in annual GDP growth in pegged countries as opposed to no change in countries with floats. Turning to the channels underlying this result, we find that base rates have an impact on d ...
... Specifically, base-country interest rates that are 1 percentage point higher lead to a 0.20 percentage point decline in annual GDP growth in pegged countries as opposed to no change in countries with floats. Turning to the channels underlying this result, we find that base rates have an impact on d ...
What Drives the German Current Account? And How Does it Affect
... surpluses’ (p.25). The German Government swiftly rejected the US criticism. The German Economics Ministry stated that ‘The Trade surpluses reflect the strong competitiveness of the German economy and the international demand for quality products from Germany’ (Wall Street Journal, October 31, 2013); ...
... surpluses’ (p.25). The German Government swiftly rejected the US criticism. The German Economics Ministry stated that ‘The Trade surpluses reflect the strong competitiveness of the German economy and the international demand for quality products from Germany’ (Wall Street Journal, October 31, 2013); ...
Quantitative Easing in a Small Open Economy: An International
... Following the global financial crisis, many advanced economies have used unconventional policy measures such as quantitative easing (QE; also known as large-scale asset purchases or LSAP). Several studies have found stimulatory effects from QE in terms of lowering long-term yields and strengthening ...
... Following the global financial crisis, many advanced economies have used unconventional policy measures such as quantitative easing (QE; also known as large-scale asset purchases or LSAP). Several studies have found stimulatory effects from QE in terms of lowering long-term yields and strengthening ...
Paper 2 (sorted by syllabus section)
... The price of tickets for a major tennis tournament is fixed by the organising body. At the set price, many more people wish to attend the tournament than there are seats available. Draw a diagram to illustrate this situation and use your diagram to examine the likely consequences. [M 02, 1] ...
... The price of tickets for a major tennis tournament is fixed by the organising body. At the set price, many more people wish to attend the tournament than there are seats available. Draw a diagram to illustrate this situation and use your diagram to examine the likely consequences. [M 02, 1] ...
The debt brake in Germany
... have limited revenue autonomy, their measures must necessarily focus on curbing expenditure. The entity in question must submit a semi-annual progress report to the Stability Council detailing its implementation of the measures. If the set targets are missed, however, the Council can merely make fur ...
... have limited revenue autonomy, their measures must necessarily focus on curbing expenditure. The entity in question must submit a semi-annual progress report to the Stability Council detailing its implementation of the measures. If the set targets are missed, however, the Council can merely make fur ...
Report of the UN Secretary-General
... 16. Burkina Faso reached the completion point under the original and enhanced HIPC Initiatives in 2000 and 2002, respectively. The estimated nominal debt-service relief committed to Burkina Faso amounts to $930 million.12 By the end of 2003, the net present value of Burkina Faso’s debt-to-exports ra ...
... 16. Burkina Faso reached the completion point under the original and enhanced HIPC Initiatives in 2000 and 2002, respectively. The estimated nominal debt-service relief committed to Burkina Faso amounts to $930 million.12 By the end of 2003, the net present value of Burkina Faso’s debt-to-exports ra ...
What drives the German current account?
... surpluses’ (p.25). The German Government swiftly rejected the US criticism. The German Economics Ministry stated that ‘The Trade surpluses reflect the strong competitiveness of the German economy and the international demand for quality products from Germany’ (Wall Street Journal, October 31, 2013); ...
... surpluses’ (p.25). The German Government swiftly rejected the US criticism. The German Economics Ministry stated that ‘The Trade surpluses reflect the strong competitiveness of the German economy and the international demand for quality products from Germany’ (Wall Street Journal, October 31, 2013); ...