• Study Resource
  • Explore
    • Arts & Humanities
    • Business
    • Engineering & Technology
    • Foreign Language
    • History
    • Math
    • Science
    • Social Science

    Top subcategories

    • Advanced Math
    • Algebra
    • Basic Math
    • Calculus
    • Geometry
    • Linear Algebra
    • Pre-Algebra
    • Pre-Calculus
    • Statistics And Probability
    • Trigonometry
    • other →

    Top subcategories

    • Astronomy
    • Astrophysics
    • Biology
    • Chemistry
    • Earth Science
    • Environmental Science
    • Health Science
    • Physics
    • other →

    Top subcategories

    • Anthropology
    • Law
    • Political Science
    • Psychology
    • Sociology
    • other →

    Top subcategories

    • Accounting
    • Economics
    • Finance
    • Management
    • other →

    Top subcategories

    • Aerospace Engineering
    • Bioengineering
    • Chemical Engineering
    • Civil Engineering
    • Computer Science
    • Electrical Engineering
    • Industrial Engineering
    • Mechanical Engineering
    • Web Design
    • other →

    Top subcategories

    • Architecture
    • Communications
    • English
    • Gender Studies
    • Music
    • Performing Arts
    • Philosophy
    • Religious Studies
    • Writing
    • other →

    Top subcategories

    • Ancient History
    • European History
    • US History
    • World History
    • other →

    Top subcategories

    • Croatian
    • Czech
    • Finnish
    • Greek
    • Hindi
    • Japanese
    • Korean
    • Persian
    • Swedish
    • Turkish
    • other →
 
Profile Documents Logout
Upload
Advances in Environmental Biology Mohammad Hassan Barahman and Ali Haghighat
Advances in Environmental Biology Mohammad Hassan Barahman and Ali Haghighat

... result economic policy of this country is dependent on oil earning, fluctuations in supply and demand and the price of crude oil cause to have some problems and obstacles in many goals and programs of macro economy. Therefore, the development of non-oil exports and liberation from single-product eco ...
Analogy Based Valuation of Currency Options
Analogy Based Valuation of Currency Options

... arbitraging is difficult if not impossible in the presence of transaction costs. An important argument in the behavioral finance literature (see Barberis and Thaler (2002)) is that the absence of “free lunch” does not imply that prices are right due to limits to arbitrage including transaction costs ...
IOSR Journal Of Humanities And Social Science (JHSS)
IOSR Journal Of Humanities And Social Science (JHSS)

... They are mainly: the balance of payment (BOP) model, monetary model and portfolio – balance model It is also worth noting that (i) the Purchasing Power Parity Theory and (ii) the Uncovered Interest Parity have contributed to the development of Monetary and Portfolio Balance. 3.1.1The Purchasing Powe ...
China-US Trade Flow Behavior: The Implications of Alternative
China-US Trade Flow Behavior: The Implications of Alternative

... three-percent increase in real exports (after allowing for a deterministic time trend). The thirdcountry exchange rate variable rt* has the wrong sign11 – the larger the rt* , which implies a lower value of third-country exchange rates, the higher level of the Chinese exports to the US – but it is n ...
This PDF is a selection from an out-of-print volume from... Bureau of Economic Research
This PDF is a selection from an out-of-print volume from... Bureau of Economic Research

... since the establishment of the state, the government has been run by a coalition of parties whose precise combination may but which is always dominated by the country's main labor party (called "Mapai" until 1968 and since then the "Labor party"). In fact, since 1933, this coalition has also run the ...
Should the IMF Pursue Capital-Account
Should the IMF Pursue Capital-Account

... loans, limit connected lending, and publish informative financial information, and they need to ensure that insolvent institutions are dealt with rapidly (Folkerts-Landau and Lindgren, 1998). The task is urgent, both in countries now seeking to recover from recent crises and in those that seek to a ...
EN EN Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. Overview of capital loan
EN EN Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. Overview of capital loan

... European Parliament and the Council on guarantees covered by the EU budget at 31 December 2015. It provides further information on the risk borne by the EU budget related to Member States and third countries. An overview of the outstanding amount of loans covered by the EU budget under each programm ...
ASSESSING FISCAL SUSTAINABILITY
ASSESSING FISCAL SUSTAINABILITY

... much less evident …” (p. 11)15. On the contrary, the second definition is looser than Domar’s one: an ever-growing undiscounted debt ratio is allowed. As the authors explain, “… this is because of discounting, which implies that things far in the future do not matter much for today …” (p. 14). Howev ...
Long roots of the crisis - Michael Roberts Blog
Long roots of the crisis - Michael Roberts Blog

... also their profits relative to the capital invested. To do so, they increasingly use new technology to boost the productivity of labour. But this is capitalism’s Achilles heel. The accumulated cost of investing in new plant, equipment etc. inexorably rises compared to the size and cost of the labour ...
IMF STAND-BY ARRANGENT FOR PAKISTAN AND ITS INCONCLUSIVE END- WHAT WENT WRONG?
IMF STAND-BY ARRANGENT FOR PAKISTAN AND ITS INCONCLUSIVE END- WHAT WENT WRONG?

... economy, after having witnessed an impressive rate of growth with relatively greater price stability, low incidence of foreign debt and many other favorable social and economic indicators, especially since 200304 up till the end of 2007, started facing serious macroeconomic imbalances. These brought ...
the annual national accounts database
the annual national accounts database

... The measures available for these zones and transactions are given by an * in the 4.comparable data for countries, in the description of measures/valuations. Data at current prices reported by member countries are converted using current GDP PPPs or exchange rates. Zone aggregates at current prices a ...
NBER WORKING PAPER SERIES Michael D. Bordo
NBER WORKING PAPER SERIES Michael D. Bordo

... developed and the less-developed regions played an important role in shaping the amount of capital available in local economies. We focus here on how much capital flowed across borders relative to local GDP. Several different data sets are available for scholars to assess net capital inflows by coun ...
IPE1_2 - DSE | @univr.it
IPE1_2 - DSE | @univr.it

... a sufficiently large fraction of the government's financing needs that they render fiscal policy inflexible. Fiscal policy to attack unemployment, for example, may not be undertaken because financing is not available. • b. A growing national debt inevitably means that tax rates rise as much as polit ...
2002-5
2002-5

... terms) to cover the government’s projected expenditures and net indebtedness. Using the 1994-95 official data published by the Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS), the results of the baseline accounts show a generational imbalance to the favour of current generations. The imbalance is 32.2 per cen ...
North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)
North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)

... various nations, it would still have a very beneficial impact on NAFTA and its member countries of course. If each country was to conduct its transactions only in dollars, it would remove the limited flexibility of the central banks. This would make all the member countries as more attractive to FDI ...
NBER WORKING PAPER SERIES CAPITAL CONTROLS, CAPITAL FLOW CONTRACTIONS, AND MACROECONOMIC VULNERABILITY
NBER WORKING PAPER SERIES CAPITAL CONTROLS, CAPITAL FLOW CONTRACTIONS, AND MACROECONOMIC VULNERABILITY

... LMF index relies on de facto market integration. A second difference refers to coverage. The Capital Mobility and LMF indexes cover a longer period of time and larger number of countries than the Miniane index; in that regard, the CM and LMF indexes are preferred to the MI index. A third difference ...
FX Weekly 22/04/13
FX Weekly 22/04/13

... return basis Australian bond yields remain attractive. A firming domestic economic backdrop should see market expectations for further RBA policy stimulus ease, which in turn should keep the Australia-US yield spread wide (currently 247bpts). In addition to the solid demand for AUD-denominated bonds ...
United Arab Emirates: a new era of slower growth
United Arab Emirates: a new era of slower growth

... long term economic sustainability, the UAE has a large financial cushion in the form of its sovereign wealth fund, which allows the country to implement consolidation plans in a gradual manner. Abu Dhabi Investment Authority’s (ADIA) assets totaled 773 billion USD as of June 2015. On the export side ...
Output and the Exchange Rate in the Short Run
Output and the Exchange Rate in the Short Run

... changes in supply and demand. • In the short run, some prices of inputs and outputs may not have time to adjust, due to labor contracts, costs of adjustment, or imperfect information about market demand. • This chapter discusses a theory of the short run behavior of a “small” economy with flexible e ...
Sources for Financing Domestic Capital
Sources for Financing Domestic Capital

... • Early 90’s ...
FROM LIBERALIZATION TO INVESTMENT AND JOBS: LOST IN TRANSLATION A.
FROM LIBERALIZATION TO INVESTMENT AND JOBS: LOST IN TRANSLATION A.

... component of effective demand and there are limits to raising productivity by substituting capital for labour, rapid growth in productivity can be combined with sizeable increases in employment if the pace of accumulation is strong. The experience of both Japan and Korea show that there need not be ...
NOTES ON CONTEMPORARY IMPERIALISM  Phases of Imperialism
NOTES ON CONTEMPORARY IMPERIALISM Phases of Imperialism

... this is because its currency is still considered de facto, though no longer de jure, “as good as gold”, and hence constitutes the medium in which much of the world’s wealth is held; capital flight out of the U.S., owing to displeasure on the part of finance over the size of its fiscal deficit theref ...
DOLLARISATION AND THE UNDERGROUND ECONOMY
DOLLARISATION AND THE UNDERGROUND ECONOMY

... Monetary methods of estimating the UE have been applied in a lot of countries during the last four decades because they are relatively simple to employ and they show the dynamics of the UE over a longer period of time with, as is usually thought, a reasonable degree of reliability, considering the n ...
Présentation PowerPoint - McGraw Hill Higher Education
Présentation PowerPoint - McGraw Hill Higher Education

... the federal government was in a fiscal surplus position. Understand that the budgetary deficit is composed of the operating deficit plus interest on the public debt. Understand that the debt to GDP ratio has exhibited three peaks: during the Great Depression, during World War II, and the mid-1990s, ...
Structural Change, the Real Exchange Rate, and the Balance of
Structural Change, the Real Exchange Rate, and the Balance of

... This paper estimates a structural model of the balance of payments, with disaggregated exports (manufactures and other) and imports (final and intermediate), and a reduced form model of the trade balance for the Mexican economy. The analysis identifies structural changes in the composition of Mexico ...
< 1 ... 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 ... 208 >

Balance of payments

The balance of payments, also known as balance of international payments and abbreviated BoP or BP, of a country is the record of all economic transactions between the residents of the country and the rest of the world in a particular period (over a quarter of a year or more commonly over a year). These transactions are made by individuals, firms and government bodies. Thus the balance of payments includes all external visible and non-visible transactions of a country . It represents a summation of country's current demand and supply of the claims on foreign currencies and of foreign claims on its currency..These transactions include payments for the country's exports and imports of goods, services, financial capital, and financial transfers.It is prepared in a single currency, typically the domestic currency for the country concerned. Sources of funds for a nation, such as exports or the receipts of loans and investments, are recorded as positive or surplus items. Uses of funds, such as for imports or to invest in foreign countries, are recorded as negative or deficit items.When all components of the BOP accounts are included they must sum to zero with no overall surplus or deficit. For example, if a country is importing more than it exports, its trade balance will be in deficit, but the shortfall will have to be counterbalanced in other ways – such as by funds earned from its foreign investments, by running down central bank reserves or by receiving loans from other countries.While the overall BOP accounts will always balance when all types of payments are included, imbalances are possible on individual elements of the BOP, such as the current account, the capital account excluding the central bank's reserve account, or the sum of the two. Imbalances in the latter sum can result in surplus countries accumulating wealth, while deficit nations become increasingly indebted. The term balance of payments often refers to this sum: a country's balance of payments is said to be in surplus (equivalently, the balance of payments is positive) by a specific amount if sources of funds (such as export goods sold and bonds sold) exceed uses of funds (such as paying for imported goods and paying for foreign bonds purchased) by that amount. There is said to be a balance of payments deficit (the balance of payments is said to be negative) if the former are less than the latter. A BOP surplus (or deficit) is accompanied by an accumulation (or decumulation) of foreign exchange reserves by the central bank.Under a fixed exchange rate system, the central bank accommodates those flows by buying up any net inflow of funds into the country or by providing foreign currency funds to the foreign exchange market to match any international outflow of funds, thus preventing the funds flows from affecting the exchange rate between the country's currency and other currencies. Then the net change per year in the central bank's foreign exchange reserves is sometimes called the balance of payments surplus or deficit. Alternatives to a fixed exchange rate system include a managed float where some changes of exchange rates are allowed, or at the other extreme a purely floating exchange rate (also known as a purely flexible exchange rate). With a pure float the central bank does not intervene at all to protect or devalue its currency, allowing the rate to be set by the market, and the central bank's foreign exchange reserves do not change, and the balance of payments is always zero.
  • studyres.com © 2025
  • DMCA
  • Privacy
  • Terms
  • Report