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Embracing the quantum limit in silicon computing
... Si concentration to 50 p.p.m. and the donor density to 1 × 1014 cm−3, as well as by using techniques to suppress the effects of dipolar interactions among the donors5,12, coherence times of about 10 s have been observed at 1.8 K. This T2 is still two orders of magnitude lower than T1 at this tempera ...
... Si concentration to 50 p.p.m. and the donor density to 1 × 1014 cm−3, as well as by using techniques to suppress the effects of dipolar interactions among the donors5,12, coherence times of about 10 s have been observed at 1.8 K. This T2 is still two orders of magnitude lower than T1 at this tempera ...
Answers to Selected Exercises
... can be expressed as simple whole-number ratios. The g H/g N in hydrazine, ammonia, and hydrogen azide are in the ratios 6:9:1. 23. O, 7.94; Na, 22.8; Mg, 11.9; O and Mg are incorrect by a factor of 2; correct formulas are H2O, Na2O, and MgO. 25. d(nucleus) 3 1015 g/cm3; d(atom) 0.4 g/cm3 27. ...
... can be expressed as simple whole-number ratios. The g H/g N in hydrazine, ammonia, and hydrogen azide are in the ratios 6:9:1. 23. O, 7.94; Na, 22.8; Mg, 11.9; O and Mg are incorrect by a factor of 2; correct formulas are H2O, Na2O, and MgO. 25. d(nucleus) 3 1015 g/cm3; d(atom) 0.4 g/cm3 27. ...
The role of radial nodes of atomic orbitals for
... nodes will move the outermost maximum further away from the nucleus. This will be essential for the discussion in this article. When turning to multielectron atoms, the energetic degeneracy of different angular momentum for a given n is lifted by electron–electron interactions, but the spherical sym ...
... nodes will move the outermost maximum further away from the nucleus. This will be essential for the discussion in this article. When turning to multielectron atoms, the energetic degeneracy of different angular momentum for a given n is lifted by electron–electron interactions, but the spherical sym ...
R C.-T. Chen and F. Robicheaux
... with atoms or ions. There are several assumptions in the Floquet approximation. The typical duration of a modern short pulse laser is of the order of a picosecond. Though it is short by its standard, this is long compared to the typical time of transitions between atomic states at the peak of the la ...
... with atoms or ions. There are several assumptions in the Floquet approximation. The typical duration of a modern short pulse laser is of the order of a picosecond. Though it is short by its standard, this is long compared to the typical time of transitions between atomic states at the peak of the la ...
Low-frequency conductivity of a nondegenerate two-dimensional electron liquid
... The question of observing the actual dynamics or electron scattering in the electron liquid has not been addressed previously. From analogy with single-electron scattering one may expect that an insight into this dynamics can be gained from the frequency dependence of xx ( ). Here, we develop an ...
... The question of observing the actual dynamics or electron scattering in the electron liquid has not been addressed previously. From analogy with single-electron scattering one may expect that an insight into this dynamics can be gained from the frequency dependence of xx ( ). Here, we develop an ...
Cooling and Trapping Neutral Atoms
... 2. Parametric scattering of Bose-Einstein condensates in a one dimensional optical lattice If a condensate with positive scattering length is moving in free space, the condensate is stable: Atoms cannot elastically scatter into different momentum states and conserve energy and momentum due to the qu ...
... 2. Parametric scattering of Bose-Einstein condensates in a one dimensional optical lattice If a condensate with positive scattering length is moving in free space, the condensate is stable: Atoms cannot elastically scatter into different momentum states and conserve energy and momentum due to the qu ...
Sample chapter - Pharmaceutical Press
... Major contributors will have a full valence shell, will have a minimum of charges present and, where charges exist, negative charges will be located on the most electronegative atoms and positive charges on the most electropositive atoms. ...
... Major contributors will have a full valence shell, will have a minimum of charges present and, where charges exist, negative charges will be located on the most electronegative atoms and positive charges on the most electropositive atoms. ...
Phase switching in a voltage-biased Aharonov-Bohm interferometer Vadim I. Puller
... orbitals 共interacting arm兲, whereas the dot in the other arm of the interferometer 共reference arm兲 has only one level. The chemical potential is set out of resonance, so that the transport via the interacting arm occur only by means of cotunneling processes. The reference arm can be characterized by ...
... orbitals 共interacting arm兲, whereas the dot in the other arm of the interferometer 共reference arm兲 has only one level. The chemical potential is set out of resonance, so that the transport via the interacting arm occur only by means of cotunneling processes. The reference arm can be characterized by ...
GCE Getting Started - Edexcel
... © Pearson Education Ltd 2015. Copying permitted for purchasing institution only. This material is not copyright free. ...
... © Pearson Education Ltd 2015. Copying permitted for purchasing institution only. This material is not copyright free. ...
CHAPTER 23 The Interaction of Light with Matter: I
... their energies, so that they no longer can be fit by a Planck curve. The strength of this Comptonization is measure for the electron pressure Pe ∝ ne Te along the line-of-sight through the cluster. Observations of the SZ effect provide a nearly redshift-independent means of detecting galaxy clusters ...
... their energies, so that they no longer can be fit by a Planck curve. The strength of this Comptonization is measure for the electron pressure Pe ∝ ne Te along the line-of-sight through the cluster. Observations of the SZ effect provide a nearly redshift-independent means of detecting galaxy clusters ...
A study of the electron structure of endohedrally confined atoms
... must be chosen appropriately to simulate the cages. An obvious choice of rc is taken equal to the characteristic (or experimental) radius of the fullerene cage; here rc = 3.54 Å is utilized for C60 [35] and rc = 2.50 Å for C36 [60]. The other two parameters should then be obtained from other exper ...
... must be chosen appropriately to simulate the cages. An obvious choice of rc is taken equal to the characteristic (or experimental) radius of the fullerene cage; here rc = 3.54 Å is utilized for C60 [35] and rc = 2.50 Å for C36 [60]. The other two parameters should then be obtained from other exper ...
quantum
... holes A and B, and which is not illuminated at hole A, is knowledge by the observer as to whether there is sufficient time for an electron to pass through the “illuminated” hole. To borrow a term used by Renninger (1960), when the time has elapsed in which the electron could be illuminated at hole A ...
... holes A and B, and which is not illuminated at hole A, is knowledge by the observer as to whether there is sufficient time for an electron to pass through the “illuminated” hole. To borrow a term used by Renninger (1960), when the time has elapsed in which the electron could be illuminated at hole A ...
Inserting Two Atoms into a Single Optical Micropotential
... In the rearrangement experiment [13], the final interatomic distances were verified by recording fluorescence images. When the two atoms ideally end up confined in a volume of the order of 1 cubic optical wavelength, however, they cannot be optically resolved. The successful insertion of the two ato ...
... In the rearrangement experiment [13], the final interatomic distances were verified by recording fluorescence images. When the two atoms ideally end up confined in a volume of the order of 1 cubic optical wavelength, however, they cannot be optically resolved. The successful insertion of the two ato ...
Chemistry - Resonance
... atoms through covalent bonds to form long straight or branched chains and rings of different sizes is called catenation.Carbon shows maximum catenation in the periodic table due to its small size, electronic configuration and unique strength of carboncarbon bonds. (ii) Electronegativity and strength ...
... atoms through covalent bonds to form long straight or branched chains and rings of different sizes is called catenation.Carbon shows maximum catenation in the periodic table due to its small size, electronic configuration and unique strength of carboncarbon bonds. (ii) Electronegativity and strength ...
2. CHEMICAL ACTIVITY of the METALS 3. PATTERNS of the
... which made tools and weapons with many advantages over stone: • metal is h)............................ and ............................ and is not i)........................................ like stone • metal can made into intricate shapes, such as j)......................................., not pos ...
... which made tools and weapons with many advantages over stone: • metal is h)............................ and ............................ and is not i)........................................ like stone • metal can made into intricate shapes, such as j)......................................., not pos ...
Bohr model
In atomic physics, the Rutherford–Bohr model or Bohr model, introduced by Niels Bohr in 1913, depicts the atom as a small, positively charged nucleus surrounded by electrons that travel in circular orbits around the nucleus—similar in structure to the solar system, but with attraction provided by electrostatic forces rather than gravity. After the cubic model (1902), the plum-pudding model (1904), the Saturnian model (1904), and the Rutherford model (1911) came the Rutherford–Bohr model or just Bohr model for short (1913). The improvement to the Rutherford model is mostly a quantum physical interpretation of it. The Bohr model has been superseded, but the quantum theory remains sound.The model's key success lay in explaining the Rydberg formula for the spectral emission lines of atomic hydrogen. While the Rydberg formula had been known experimentally, it did not gain a theoretical underpinning until the Bohr model was introduced. Not only did the Bohr model explain the reason for the structure of the Rydberg formula, it also provided a justification for its empirical results in terms of fundamental physical constants.The Bohr model is a relatively primitive model of the hydrogen atom, compared to the valence shell atom. As a theory, it can be derived as a first-order approximation of the hydrogen atom using the broader and much more accurate quantum mechanics and thus may be considered to be an obsolete scientific theory. However, because of its simplicity, and its correct results for selected systems (see below for application), the Bohr model is still commonly taught to introduce students to quantum mechanics or energy level diagrams before moving on to the more accurate, but more complex, valence shell atom. A related model was originally proposed by Arthur Erich Haas in 1910, but was rejected. The quantum theory of the period between Planck's discovery of the quantum (1900) and the advent of a full-blown quantum mechanics (1925) is often referred to as the old quantum theory.