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Anyons in the fractional quantum Hall effect
Anyons in the fractional quantum Hall effect

... by totaly antisymmetric, and totaly symmetric wavefunctions, respectively. Furthermore, there is a connection between spin s and statistics α = 2πs ...
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... mechanics, rely on various assumptions concerning the character of the hidden variables. ' Bell has argued that these assumptions are unduly restrictive. However, by considering an idealized case of two spatially separated but quantum-mechanically correlated systems, he was able to show that any hid ...
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... particles. These are quantum particles with integer spin, such as a deuteron (a bound proton and neutron), or a Helium atom in its ground state. Only bosons may be in close proximity with one another. Fermions (half-integer spin particles), on the other hand, repel each other as they get nearer. It ...
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Measuring the quantum mechanical wave function

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... feat which no mechanical particle can be imagined to perform.”3 This was an important step toward the analysis of theoretical models.4 For Achinstein a theoretical model of a target physical system X was taken to be a set of theoretical assumptions (normally of a complex mathematical form) which p ...
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... Orbital angular momentum and spin angular momentum are also connected in that they stem from very similar groups and can be combined into total angular momentum just as in the classical systems. Composite particles will be in states of spin and angular momentum. Excited states of angular momentum ha ...
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... • no superposition principle • no quantization of fields ...
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Hydrogen atom



A hydrogen atom is an atom of the chemical element hydrogen. The electrically neutral atom contains a single positively charged proton and a single negatively charged electron bound to the nucleus by the Coulomb force. Atomic hydrogen constitutes about 75% of the elemental (baryonic) mass of the universe.In everyday life on Earth, isolated hydrogen atoms (usually called ""atomic hydrogen"" or, more precisely, ""monatomic hydrogen"") are extremely rare. Instead, hydrogen tends to combine with other atoms in compounds, or with itself to form ordinary (diatomic) hydrogen gas, H2. ""Atomic hydrogen"" and ""hydrogen atom"" in ordinary English use have overlapping, yet distinct, meanings. For example, a water molecule contains two hydrogen atoms, but does not contain atomic hydrogen (which would refer to isolated hydrogen atoms).
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