... the spectrum of black body radiation emitted by heated objects. The latter problem was solved by Max Planck, who published a paper in 1901, where he assumed that matter and radiation can exchange energy only in discrete quantities 10 . Using the machinery of statistical mechanics, he was able to der ...
Ultrafast geometric control of a single qubit using chirped pulses
... the −z (z)-direction at the end of the pulse. Due to the second π-pulse, the population is transferred back to the initial state |0i (|1i); therefore the Bloch vector returns to its original position pointing along the z (−z)-axis. However, since we chose 1φ = ϕ + π for the second π-pulse, the pseud ...
... the −z (z)-direction at the end of the pulse. Due to the second π-pulse, the population is transferred back to the initial state |0i (|1i); therefore the Bloch vector returns to its original position pointing along the z (−z)-axis. However, since we chose 1φ = ϕ + π for the second π-pulse, the pseud ...
Bose-Einstein Condensation in Atomic Gases
... molasses configuration of three pairs of anti-parallel laser beams tuned below the atomic resonance frequency with an inhomogeneous magnetic field of quadrupole configuration and proper circular polarization of the light beams. This produces a light force, which, apart from the velocity characteristics ...
... molasses configuration of three pairs of anti-parallel laser beams tuned below the atomic resonance frequency with an inhomogeneous magnetic field of quadrupole configuration and proper circular polarization of the light beams. This produces a light force, which, apart from the velocity characteristics ...
Atomic Physics Notes
... • A small, positively-charged core called the nucleus • Mostly empty space outside the nucleus • Electrons circle the nucleus like planets around the sun. – There was a problem with the electron motion in this model: • A circling charged particle is accelerating and would radiate energy, and would s ...
... • A small, positively-charged core called the nucleus • Mostly empty space outside the nucleus • Electrons circle the nucleus like planets around the sun. – There was a problem with the electron motion in this model: • A circling charged particle is accelerating and would radiate energy, and would s ...
Short-pulse space-charge-limited electron flows
... same over-injection method27 in a planar drift space with a gap separation much smaller than the electrode size 共1D model兲. A finite pulse p of current density J is injected into the gap, and the value of J is increased until the formation of a virtual cathode, which will cause the reflection of e ...
... same over-injection method27 in a planar drift space with a gap separation much smaller than the electrode size 共1D model兲. A finite pulse p of current density J is injected into the gap, and the value of J is increased until the formation of a virtual cathode, which will cause the reflection of e ...
. of Statistica. nterpretation
... which is another kind of (many-particle) system. A beam may simulate an ensemble of single-particle systems if the intensity of the beam is so low that only one particle is present at a time. The ensembles contemplated here are different in principle from those used in statistical thermodynamics, wh ...
... which is another kind of (many-particle) system. A beam may simulate an ensemble of single-particle systems if the intensity of the beam is so low that only one particle is present at a time. The ensembles contemplated here are different in principle from those used in statistical thermodynamics, wh ...
United States Patent Application
... [0016] Dr. Kip Thorne, who co-authored the book Gravitation with Dr. Archibald Wheeler of Princeton University, has shown in a General Relativity spacetime curvature calculation that negative energy is required to open and stabilize the throat of a wormhole between space and hyperspace. The accumul ...
... [0016] Dr. Kip Thorne, who co-authored the book Gravitation with Dr. Archibald Wheeler of Princeton University, has shown in a General Relativity spacetime curvature calculation that negative energy is required to open and stabilize the throat of a wormhole between space and hyperspace. The accumul ...
Additional Notes on Electronic Spectroscopy
... Electron Angular Momentum and Electron Spin Classically a spinning particle possesses angular momentum. An electron in an atom can be visualized classically as spinning on its axis in either a clockwise or counterclockwise direction and, consequently, has a spin angular momentum, S. This angular mom ...
... Electron Angular Momentum and Electron Spin Classically a spinning particle possesses angular momentum. An electron in an atom can be visualized classically as spinning on its axis in either a clockwise or counterclockwise direction and, consequently, has a spin angular momentum, S. This angular mom ...
Landau levels in graphene
... be eigenfunction of X1 and X2 at the same time. Therefore the center of the orbit cannot be determined with arbitrary precision even in principle. Classical circular orbits can be (to certain precision) obtained only as a wave packet from the wave functions corresponding to different Landau levels. ...
... be eigenfunction of X1 and X2 at the same time. Therefore the center of the orbit cannot be determined with arbitrary precision even in principle. Classical circular orbits can be (to certain precision) obtained only as a wave packet from the wave functions corresponding to different Landau levels. ...
PUBLISHED VERSION Quantum heat bath for spin-lattice
... Equation (8) is valid independent of the crystal potential U ({rni }) experienced by the atoms, which is independent of {pni }. In other words, one may remove the nonharmonic part of U without affecting Eq. (9). We note in passing that Eq. (9) can also be derived directly from the Langevin equation, ...
... Equation (8) is valid independent of the crystal potential U ({rni }) experienced by the atoms, which is independent of {pni }. In other words, one may remove the nonharmonic part of U without affecting Eq. (9). We note in passing that Eq. (9) can also be derived directly from the Langevin equation, ...
ATOMIC, OPTICAL, AND PLASMA PHYSICS 51
... electric and magnetic units below. Then the base of SI units along with the above mechanical units contain the unit of an electric current ampere (A). Table 1.2 contains the SI units and their connection with the base units. Note that we express the thermodynamic temperature through energy units bel ...
... electric and magnetic units below. Then the base of SI units along with the above mechanical units contain the unit of an electric current ampere (A). Table 1.2 contains the SI units and their connection with the base units. Note that we express the thermodynamic temperature through energy units bel ...
Cryptography.ppt - 123SeminarsOnly.com
... polarized as a (--) photon after it passes through the filter. After their odd conversation, Alice and Bob both throw out the results from Bob's incorrect guesses. This leaves Alice and Bob with identical strings of polarized protons. It my look a little like this: -- / | | | / -- -- | | | -- / | … ...
... polarized as a (--) photon after it passes through the filter. After their odd conversation, Alice and Bob both throw out the results from Bob's incorrect guesses. This leaves Alice and Bob with identical strings of polarized protons. It my look a little like this: -- / | | | / -- -- | | | -- / | … ...
Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 14, 9411-20
... Superconducting circuits. Besides synthesizing arbitrary states and implementing simple 2-qubit algorithms in experiments,36,37 superconducting circuits are supposed to simulate phenomena in atomic physics,38,39 realize the Kitaev model on a honeycomb lattice,40 emulate large-spins,41 or simulate t ...
... Superconducting circuits. Besides synthesizing arbitrary states and implementing simple 2-qubit algorithms in experiments,36,37 superconducting circuits are supposed to simulate phenomena in atomic physics,38,39 realize the Kitaev model on a honeycomb lattice,40 emulate large-spins,41 or simulate t ...
Hydrogen atom
A hydrogen atom is an atom of the chemical element hydrogen. The electrically neutral atom contains a single positively charged proton and a single negatively charged electron bound to the nucleus by the Coulomb force. Atomic hydrogen constitutes about 75% of the elemental (baryonic) mass of the universe.In everyday life on Earth, isolated hydrogen atoms (usually called ""atomic hydrogen"" or, more precisely, ""monatomic hydrogen"") are extremely rare. Instead, hydrogen tends to combine with other atoms in compounds, or with itself to form ordinary (diatomic) hydrogen gas, H2. ""Atomic hydrogen"" and ""hydrogen atom"" in ordinary English use have overlapping, yet distinct, meanings. For example, a water molecule contains two hydrogen atoms, but does not contain atomic hydrogen (which would refer to isolated hydrogen atoms).