Generalizing Darwinism to Social Evolution
... 59). In the second edition of this book (1891), Ritchie added an essay “Natural Selection and the History of Institutions” and argued that Darwinian principles of variation, heredity, and selection applied to the evolution of social institutions as well as to organisms. Ritchie repeated that languag ...
... 59). In the second edition of this book (1891), Ritchie added an essay “Natural Selection and the History of Institutions” and argued that Darwinian principles of variation, heredity, and selection applied to the evolution of social institutions as well as to organisms. Ritchie repeated that languag ...
Theological Foundations of Darwin `s Theory of Evolution
... he chronicled in his book History ofthe Warfare ofScience with Theolo~ in Christendom, which appeared at the end of the nineteenth century. IIDarwin's Origin of Species, II White declared, "had come into the theological world like a plow into an ant-hill. EveJYWhere those thus rudely awakened from t ...
... he chronicled in his book History ofthe Warfare ofScience with Theolo~ in Christendom, which appeared at the end of the nineteenth century. IIDarwin's Origin of Species, II White declared, "had come into the theological world like a plow into an ant-hill. EveJYWhere those thus rudely awakened from t ...
File - Science with Snyder
... 2. What is the movement of genes into and out of a gene pool called? a. random mating b. nonrandom mating c. migration d. direct evolution 3. Upon close examination of the skeleton of an adult python, a pelvic girdle and leg bones can be observed. These features are an example of _____. a. artificia ...
... 2. What is the movement of genes into and out of a gene pool called? a. random mating b. nonrandom mating c. migration d. direct evolution 3. Upon close examination of the skeleton of an adult python, a pelvic girdle and leg bones can be observed. These features are an example of _____. a. artificia ...
Chapter 10 - Semantic Scholar
... answer accepted by most biologists is that tradeoffs present limits to adaptation (Futuyma and Moreno 1988). As the above quotations from The Origin of Species show, Darwin anticipated this argument as well as two concepts that are still prominent today. He clearly understood that: (1) genetic corre ...
... answer accepted by most biologists is that tradeoffs present limits to adaptation (Futuyma and Moreno 1988). As the above quotations from The Origin of Species show, Darwin anticipated this argument as well as two concepts that are still prominent today. He clearly understood that: (1) genetic corre ...
ch16_sec1 NOTES
... • If a trait can be inherited, breeders can produce more individuals that have the trait. ...
... • If a trait can be inherited, breeders can produce more individuals that have the trait. ...
Information Systems Theorizing Based on Evolutionary Psychology
... species by selection; which comprises evolution by natural (or environmental) selection in general (Darwin 1859), as well as in response to the more specific evolutionary force of sexual selection (Darwin 1871). Evolutionary psychology applies notions from the modern synthesis to the understanding o ...
... species by selection; which comprises evolution by natural (or environmental) selection in general (Darwin 1859), as well as in response to the more specific evolutionary force of sexual selection (Darwin 1871). Evolutionary psychology applies notions from the modern synthesis to the understanding o ...
Mechanisms of constraints: the contributions of selection and
... Although naturalists, quantitative geneticists, and developmental biologists have long noted that plants frequently have abnormal numbers of cotyledons, this phenomenon is poorly understood. Our results strongly suggest that cotyledon numbers less than two are selected against. Some of this selectio ...
... Although naturalists, quantitative geneticists, and developmental biologists have long noted that plants frequently have abnormal numbers of cotyledons, this phenomenon is poorly understood. Our results strongly suggest that cotyledon numbers less than two are selected against. Some of this selectio ...
Speciation
... • Island species need large area for allopatric speciation to occur • Widely distributed species may become fragmented into allopatric populations if the habitat becomes fragmented by climate changes ...
... • Island species need large area for allopatric speciation to occur • Widely distributed species may become fragmented into allopatric populations if the habitat becomes fragmented by climate changes ...
PPT - 1 - Brief biography of Charles Darwin
... 1839 – Married to his first cousin Emma Wedgwood; published his Voyage of the Beagle. 1858 – Presentation of Wallace-Darwin papers to Linnean Society. 1859 – Publication of On the Origin of Species 1871 – Publication of The Descent of Man, Selection in Relation to ...
... 1839 – Married to his first cousin Emma Wedgwood; published his Voyage of the Beagle. 1858 – Presentation of Wallace-Darwin papers to Linnean Society. 1859 – Publication of On the Origin of Species 1871 – Publication of The Descent of Man, Selection in Relation to ...
The Modern Synthesis Huxley coined the phrase, the `modern
... inheritance. Third, it was largely agreed upon that one could represent the major factors of evolution – selection, mutation, migration, and drift – in mathematical models. Fourth, microand macroevolution were viewed as continuous, rather than distinct kinds of evolutionary change, requiring radical ...
... inheritance. Third, it was largely agreed upon that one could represent the major factors of evolution – selection, mutation, migration, and drift – in mathematical models. Fourth, microand macroevolution were viewed as continuous, rather than distinct kinds of evolutionary change, requiring radical ...
Reproductive systems and evolution in vascular plants
... plants are too few to allow us to assess this prediction directly. It is, however, a botanical commonplace that selfing species are often derivatives of outcrossing progenitors (see the discussion of selfers in Arenaria and Linanthus below, for example). Because derivatives must be younger than thei ...
... plants are too few to allow us to assess this prediction directly. It is, however, a botanical commonplace that selfing species are often derivatives of outcrossing progenitors (see the discussion of selfers in Arenaria and Linanthus below, for example). Because derivatives must be younger than thei ...
Recombination and the Divergence of Hybridizing
... between two taxa would by definition cause speciation. Two completely non-recombining genomes could come together in a heterozygous form, but introgression could not occur from one taxon into another because of the absence of any form of recombination (see Figure 1). Any adaptation within one taxon ...
... between two taxa would by definition cause speciation. Two completely non-recombining genomes could come together in a heterozygous form, but introgression could not occur from one taxon into another because of the absence of any form of recombination (see Figure 1). Any adaptation within one taxon ...
Theories of Evolutions
... egg. If all these eggs survived, the ocean would be one large mound of fish. Observation 2. Dawin noticed that even members of the same species have variations. The beak size, the claw length and coloration of finches all varied slightly Observation 3. Natural resources such as food, water, breeding ...
... egg. If all these eggs survived, the ocean would be one large mound of fish. Observation 2. Dawin noticed that even members of the same species have variations. The beak size, the claw length and coloration of finches all varied slightly Observation 3. Natural resources such as food, water, breeding ...
Gene pools Changes to allele frequencies
... diversity than the original parent populations because they all descended from the small number of original settlers. Other examples of the founder effect include the island population of Tristan da Cunha and the population of Finland. Tristan da Cunha is an isolated group of islands in the South At ...
... diversity than the original parent populations because they all descended from the small number of original settlers. Other examples of the founder effect include the island population of Tristan da Cunha and the population of Finland. Tristan da Cunha is an isolated group of islands in the South At ...
eports - Semantic Scholar
... Bartowska and Johnston 2012). Pollinators have been experimentally identified as agents of selection both on traits likely to be involved in pollinator attraction and on traits affecting pollination efficiency, but the proportion of selection that can be attributed to pollinators varies among traits ( ...
... Bartowska and Johnston 2012). Pollinators have been experimentally identified as agents of selection both on traits likely to be involved in pollinator attraction and on traits affecting pollination efficiency, but the proportion of selection that can be attributed to pollinators varies among traits ( ...
Why Darwin was not a great man
... Apart from the molecular machinery, there is the genetic code which acts like a language to guide the internal processes. In the heart of every cell are DNA molecules with chemical nucleotides that provide a coded message which drives activities of proteins. Modern biologists have compared the genet ...
... Apart from the molecular machinery, there is the genetic code which acts like a language to guide the internal processes. In the heart of every cell are DNA molecules with chemical nucleotides that provide a coded message which drives activities of proteins. Modern biologists have compared the genet ...
the blind watchmaker - Center for Biology and Society
... their bursts of movement were not always in the direction of th~ promised land, but were in almost random directions. It is only when we look, with hindsight, at the large scale macromigrational pattern, that we can see a trend in the direction of the promised land. Such is the eloquence of the punc ...
... their bursts of movement were not always in the direction of th~ promised land, but were in almost random directions. It is only when we look, with hindsight, at the large scale macromigrational pattern, that we can see a trend in the direction of the promised land. Such is the eloquence of the punc ...
15-3 Darwin Presents His Case
... to their environment (low levels of fitness) either die or leave few offspring. Individuals that are better suited to their environment (high levels of fitness) survive and reproduce most successfully. Darwin called this process survival of the fittest. ...
... to their environment (low levels of fitness) either die or leave few offspring. Individuals that are better suited to their environment (high levels of fitness) survive and reproduce most successfully. Darwin called this process survival of the fittest. ...
Proceedings of the Pittsburgh Workshop in History - Philsci
... realistic models with finite population size, this probabilistic inference loses strength (how much depends on the population size and the selection differentials). Not only are such models more realistic, they are much more interesting when one is concerned with the relationship between drift and s ...
... realistic models with finite population size, this probabilistic inference loses strength (how much depends on the population size and the selection differentials). Not only are such models more realistic, they are much more interesting when one is concerned with the relationship between drift and s ...
First Year Seminar Fall, 2011 EVOLUTION AND INTELLECTUAL
... better than he did, the mechanism of heredity. But many of the other great problems of his day remain central to our own research and focal points of contention.@ What Aproblems@ is the author of this passage referring to? Where do you see continuities between the debates of the second half of the n ...
... better than he did, the mechanism of heredity. But many of the other great problems of his day remain central to our own research and focal points of contention.@ What Aproblems@ is the author of this passage referring to? Where do you see continuities between the debates of the second half of the n ...
Evolution - Dr. Field`s Notes
... Darwin inferred that if humans could change species by artificial selection, then perhaps the same process could work in nature. ...
... Darwin inferred that if humans could change species by artificial selection, then perhaps the same process could work in nature. ...
The evolutionary links between fixed and variable traits - AGRO
... the correct match among traits. This can only be a sufficient solution in a population with high fecundity, for it implies low juvenile survival. It also generates strong selection for more efficient solutions. The second is that the developing organism somehow automatically (without natural selecti ...
... the correct match among traits. This can only be a sufficient solution in a population with high fecundity, for it implies low juvenile survival. It also generates strong selection for more efficient solutions. The second is that the developing organism somehow automatically (without natural selecti ...
Translated Wallace newspaper article 2
... manuscript was accompanied with a personal letter in which he pleaded with Darwin to assess the merit of the theory and if possible, pass the text on to Charles Lyell, one of the most influential scientists of the era. On receiving the letter, Darwin despaired. For 20 years he had worked secretly on ...
... manuscript was accompanied with a personal letter in which he pleaded with Darwin to assess the merit of the theory and if possible, pass the text on to Charles Lyell, one of the most influential scientists of the era. On receiving the letter, Darwin despaired. For 20 years he had worked secretly on ...
Effects of the Ordering of Natural Selection and Population
... We explore the effect of different mechanisms of natural selection on the evolution of populations for one- and two-locus systems. We compare the effect of viability and fecundity selection in the context of the Wright-Fisher model with selection under the assumption of multiplicative fitness. We sh ...
... We explore the effect of different mechanisms of natural selection on the evolution of populations for one- and two-locus systems. We compare the effect of viability and fecundity selection in the context of the Wright-Fisher model with selection under the assumption of multiplicative fitness. We sh ...
Breeding for Disease resistance
... origin. Farmers and breeders can exploit this genetic variation to identify and use animals that are relatively resistant to disease. There are a number of advantages in using resistant stock including increased production, improved animal welfare, reduced environmental contamination by drugs, delay ...
... origin. Farmers and breeders can exploit this genetic variation to identify and use animals that are relatively resistant to disease. There are a number of advantages in using resistant stock including increased production, improved animal welfare, reduced environmental contamination by drugs, delay ...
Natural selection
Natural selection is the differential survival and reproduction of individuals due to differences in phenotype; it is a key mechanism of evolution. The term ""natural selection"" was popularised by Charles Darwin, who intended it to be compared with artificial selection, now more commonly referred to as selective breeding.Variation exists within all populations of organisms. This occurs partly because random mutations arise in the genome of an individual organism, and these mutations can be passed to offspring. Throughout the individuals’ lives, their genomes interact with their environments to cause variations in traits. (The environment of a genome includes the molecular biology in the cell, other cells, other individuals, populations, species, as well as the abiotic environment.) Individuals with certain variants of the trait may survive and reproduce more than individuals with other, less successful, variants. Therefore, the population evolves. Factors that affect reproductive success are also important, an issue that Darwin developed in his ideas on sexual selection, which was redefined as being included in natural selection in the 1930s when biologists considered it not to be very important, and fecundity selection, for example.Natural selection acts on the phenotype, or the observable characteristics of an organism, but the genetic (heritable) basis of any phenotype that gives a reproductive advantage may become more common in a population (see allele frequency). Over time, this process can result in populations that specialise for particular ecological niches (microevolution) and may eventually result in the emergence of new species (macroevolution). In other words, natural selection is an important process (though not the only process) by which evolution takes place within a population of organisms. Natural selection can be contrasted with artificial selection, in which humans intentionally choose specific traits (although they may not always get what they want). In natural selection there is no intentional choice. In other words, artificial selection is teleological and natural selection is not teleological.Natural selection is one of the cornerstones of modern biology. The concept was published by Darwin and Alfred Russel Wallace in a joint presentation of papers in 1858, and set out in Darwin's influential 1859 book On the Origin of Species, in which natural selection was described as analogous to artificial selection, a process by which animals and plants with traits considered desirable by human breeders are systematically favoured for reproduction. The concept of natural selection was originally developed in the absence of a valid theory of heredity; at the time of Darwin's writing, nothing was known of modern genetics. The union of traditional Darwinian evolution with subsequent discoveries in classical and molecular genetics is termed the modern evolutionary synthesis. Natural selection remains the primary explanation for adaptive evolution.