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SUPPLEMENTAL NOTES Grade 8 – Physical Science - Mrs. Petit Chapter # ____4__ Page Number Title/Sub-Title 128 129 Nonmetals and Metalloids Properties of Nonmetals 129 Physical Properties Section(s): _4_ Main Idea(s) of the Paragraph 130 130 Chemical Properties Families of Nonmetals 130 The Carbon Family 131 The Nitrogen Family 132 The Oxygen Family Pages: ___128-135 133 The Halogen Family 134 The Noble Gases Compared to metals, nonmetals have a wider variety of properties. A nonmetal is an element that lacks most properties of a metal. Most nonmetals are poor conductors of electricity and heat and are reactive with other elements. Solid nonmetals are dull and brittle. Ten of the sixteen nonmetals on the periodic table are gases at room temperature. The physical properties of nonmetals are the opposite of metals. Solid nonmetals are dull and brittle, and are also poor conductors of heat and electricity. Most nonmetals are reactive, so they often form compounds. In fact, fluorine (F) is the most reactive element known. Atoms of nonmetals usually gain or share electrons. Only Group 18 of the periodic table contains elements that are all nonmetals. Groups 14 – 17 are a mixture of nonmetals and other kind of elements. In Group 14 (Carbon Family) on carbon(C) is a nonmetal. Carbon is an especially important element due to its role in the chemistry of life. In Group 15 (The Nitrogen Family) there are two nonmetals. They are nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P). Nitrogen is an example of an element that occurs in nature in the form of a diatomic molecule (N2). A diatomic molecule consists of two atoms. Phosphorus is the other nonmetal in the nitrogen family. It is much more reactive than nitrogen. Group 16 (Oxygen Family) contains three nonmetals – oxygen (O), sulfur (S), and selenium (Se). Like nitrogen, oxygen is a diatomic molecule (O2). Oxygen can also form a triatomic (three-atom) molecule (O3) which is called ozone. Sulfur is the most common nonmetal in the oxygen family. Sulfur is used in the making of rubber for rubber bands and car tires. Group 17 contains four nonmetals – fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine. The elements in group 17 are know and the halogen, which means “salt forming”. All of the halogens are very reactive. The elements in Group 18 are known as the noble gases. They do not usually form compounds because they do not like to gain, lose, or share electrons. All of the noble gases exist in the Earth’s atmosphere, but only in small amounts. 134 Hydrogen Alone in the upper left corner of the periodic table is hydrogen. Each hydrogen atom has one proton and one electron. Because of chemical properties of hydrogen are very different than those of other elements, it really isn’t grouped into a family. 135 The Metalloids Along the border between the metals and nonmetals are seven elements known as the metalloids. The metalloids have some characteristics of both metals and nonmetals. All are a solid at room temperature. The most common metalloid is silicon. The most useful property of the metalloids is their varying ability to conduct electricity. (It can depend on the temperature, exposure to light, or the presence of a small amount of impurities). Semiconductors are substances that can conduct electricity under some conditions but not under others. (used to make computer chips, lasers, and transistors).