Download Period 6 Key Concept Outline w Qs

PERIOD 6: 1865-1898
Key Concept Outline
Related Thematic
Learning Objectives
(Focus of Exam
Questions)
Key Concept 6.1: Technological advances, large-scale production methods, and
the opening of new markets encouraged the rise of industrial capitalism in the
United States.
WXT-1.0: Explain
how different labor
systems developed in
North America and the
United States, and
explain their effects on
workers’ lives
and U.S.
society.
I. Large-scale industrial production — accompanied by massive technological change, expanding
international communication networks, and pro-growth government policies — generated rapid
economic development and business consolidation. (23,24)
A) Following the Civil War, government subsidies for transportation and communication systems
helped open new markets in North America. (23,24)
1. Define the word subsidy.
WXT-2.0: Explain
how patterns of
exchange, markets, and
private enterprise have
developed, and analyze
ways that governments
have responded to
economic issues.
WXT-3.0: Analyze how
technological innovation
has affected economic
development and
society.
WOR-2.0: Analyze
the
reasons for,
and results
of, U.S. diplomatic,
economic, and military
initiatives in North
America and overseas.
2. What did the Pacific Railway Act of 1862 do? Homestead Act of 1862?
3. What were 2 specific types of Federal Government subsidy given to private companies to
promote the building of railroads during & after the Civil War? Explain each.
4. Evidence of efforts to promote communications systems by government or business?
B) Businesses made use of technological innovations, greater access to natural resources, redesigned
financial and management structures, advances in marketing, and a growing labor force to dramatically
increase the production of goods. (24)
Evidence: (2) Term based sentences from above concepts.
12One sentence explaining how the Two sentences above explains concept (b)
1C) As the price of many goods decreased, workers’ real wages increased, providing new access to a
variety of goods and services; many Americans’ standards of living improved, while the gap between
rich and poor grew. (24,25)
1. Evidence of the effect of industrialization in raising worker’s real wages?
2. Explain how/why industrialization led to a decline in the price in farm products.
3. Evidence of a new good or service accessed by workers earning higher wages.
4. Give Evidence of the growing gap between the rich & poor 1865-1898.
D) Many business leaders sought increased profits by consolidating corporations into large trusts and holding companies, which
further concentrated wealth. (24)
1. Explain horizontal integration and give one specific example of this being used.
2. Explain Vertical Integration and give one specific example of this being used.
3. Give four (4) example(s) of Business leaders and the Monopolies they built:
Related Thematic
PERIOD 6: 1865-1898
Key Concept Outline
Learning Objectives
(Focus of Exam
Questions)
WXT-1.0: Explain how
different labor systems
developed in North
America and the United
States, and explain their
effects on workers’
lives
and U.S. society.
Key Concept 6.1: Technological advances, large-scale production methods, and the
opening of new markets encouraged the rise of industrial capitalism in the United States.
II. A variety of perspectives on the economy and labor developed during a time of
financial panics and downturns.
A) Some argued that laissez-faire policies and competition promoted economic growth in the long run,
and they opposed government intervention during economic downturns. (23,24,25)
1. Define “laissez-faire” in regards to government policy in the late 1800’s.
WXT-2.0: Explain how
patterns of exchange,
markets, and private
enterprise have developed,
and analyze ways that
governments have
responded to economic
issues.
CUL-4.0: Explain
how
different group identities,
including racial, ethnic,
class, and regional
identities, have emerged
and changed over time.
2. Define the “invisible hand” as a concept promoted by Adam Smith’s Wealth of Nations
2. Explain briefly the Monetary debates over “hard currency” vs. “paper or silver” = inflation v.
deflation and benefitting debtors or creditors--- include “Ohio Idea- Crime of ’73 – Greenback Party
3. Explain how the American tariff was the primary source of Federal Government funding until the
16th amendment in 1913?
4. Copy President Cleveland’s quote about the people and Government during the 1893 panic?
B) The industrial workforce expanded and became more diverse through internal
and international
migration; child labor also increased. (23,24,25)
1. Give evidence and explain the goals of people moving West or to the Cities (internal migration)
2. How does the massive international immigration effect the labor market and labor in general?
2. Give evidence of the use of child labor in the late 1800’s and Lewis Hine’s work.
C) Labor and management battled over wages and working conditions, with workers organizing local and national unions and/ or
directly confronting business leaders. (24)
1. Give evidence of TWO major labor disputes (strikes) AFTER the Civil War, which union was involved, how did they end?
2. Who were the leaders of the Knights of Labor and the AF of L and how did their goals and membership drastically differ.
D) Despite the industrialization of some segment s
of the Southern economy — a change promoted by Southern leaders who called
for a “New South” — agriculture based on sharecropping and tenant farming continued to be the primary economic activity in the
South. (23,24,25)
1. What Industry from the North relocated to the South after the Civil War? Why? What southerners worked in these new
mills? How were they paid comparatively, did they care?
2. What was “sharecropping-tenant farming”?
3. What was “Pittsburgh Pricing?”
PERIOD 6: 1865-1898
Key Concept Outline
Related Thematic
Learning Objectives
(Focus of Exam
Questions)
POL-2.0: Explain how
popular movements,
reform efforts, and
activist groups have
sought to change
American society and
institutions.
POL-3.0: Explain how
different beliefs about
the federal government’s
role
in U.S. social and
economic life have
affected political debates
and policies.
WXT-3.0: Analyze how
technological innovation
has affected economic
development and
society.
Key Concept 6.1: Technological advances, large-scale production methods, and the
opening of new markets encouraged the rise of industrial capitalism in the United States.
III. New systems of production and transportation enabled consolidation within agriculture,
which, along with periods of instability, spurred a variety of responses from farmers.(26)
A) Improvements in mechanization helped agricultural production increase substantially and contributed
to declines in food prices. (26)
1. Give evidence of (3) improvements in farm mechanization in late 1800’s.
2. How did improvements in mechanization contribute to decreasing farm prices?
3. What factors contributed to increasing prices of farm machinery and farming as an occupation?
4. What effect does the increase in supply have on the growth of cities?
B) Many farmers responded to the increasing consolidation in agricultural markets and their dependence
on the evolving railroad system by creating local and regional cooperative organizations. (26)
1. Explain the formation of The Grange and Farmer’s Alliance and their purposes?
2. What is a cooperative? What was the purpose of forming these co-op(s) by farmers?
3. Explain the significance of the Supreme Court case Munn v. Illinois? Explain the significance of the Supreme Court Wabash
Cases? How does the Interstate Commerce Act relate to these two SC cases?
C) Economic instability inspired agrarian activists to create the People’s (Populist)
Party, which called for a stronger governmental role
in regulating the American economic system. (23,26)
1. What were the goals of the 1892 Omaha Platform (p.523 & notes 23/2)
2. What parts of the 1892 Omaha Platform become Constitutional Amendments in the next (Progressive) period of study?
3. What was main point of the “Cross of Gold Speech?” AND Who was William Jennings Bryan - which political parties is he
nominated for President in 1896?
4. How is the novel, “Wizard of Oz,” seen as allegorical of the Gilded Age (relates to the election of 1896 and the Western
expansion)
PERIOD 6: 1865-1898
Key Concept Outline
Related Thematic
Learning Objectives
(Focus of Exam
Questions)
NAT-4.0: Analyze
relationships among
different regional,
social, ethnic, and
racial groups, and
explain how these
groups’ experiences
have related to U.S.
national identity.
MIG-1.0: Explain the
causes of migration to
colonial North
America and, later, the
United States, and
analyze immigration’s
effects on U.S.
society.
MIG-2.0: Analyze
causes of internal
migration and patterns
of settlement in
what
would become the
United States,
and
explain how migration
has affected American
life.
Key Concept 6.2: The migrations that accompanied industrialization transformed both
urban and rural areas of the United States and caused dramatic social and cultural change.
I. International and internal migration increased urban populations and fostered the growth
of a new urban culture.
A) As cities became areas of economic growth featuring new factories and businesses, they attracted
immigrants from Asia and from southern and eastern Europe, as well as African American migrants within
and out of the South. Many migrants moved to escape poverty, religious persecution, and limited
opportunities for social mobility in their home countries or regions. (23,25)
1. Why do Chinese immigrants come to the USA between 1849 and 1900 & for what industries is their
labor significant in the USA? What region do they primary settle?
2. Explain the Chinese Exclusion Act & the Supreme Court Case U.S. v. Won Kim Ark.
3. Who were the “Exodusters”? What changes in the South after 1877 that might encourage Blacks to
leave the South?
B) Urban neighborhoods based on particular ethnicities, races, and classes provided new cultural
opportunities for city dwellers. (23,25)
1. Provide evidence of Ethnic neighborhoods that form in many cities in the USA.
C) Increasing public debates over assimilation and Americanization accompanied the growth of international
migration. Many immigrants’ negotiated compromises between the cultures they brought and the culture
they found in the United States. ((23,25)
1. Define Assimilation as it relates to international immigrants and Native Americans (26)?
2. What were three (3) significant differences between “old” and “new” immigrants?
4. Give evidence to support one continuity and one change in Immigration from Period 5 to Period 6?
ContinuityChange-(Gov’t actions)
D) In an urban atmosphere where the access to power was unequally distributed, political machines thrived, in part by providing
immigrants and the poor with social services. (25)
1. Explain the “Padrone” or Boss system—AND—how does it benefit each side?
2. What is cause of the above system forming---explain the failure(s) of city, state, and Federal Government to address these
issues?
E) Corporations’ need for managers and for male and female clerical workers as
well as increased access to educational institutions
fostered the growth of a distinctive middle class. A growing amount of leisure time also helped expand consumer culture. (25).
1. Give evidence to support the idea that the increase in women working during this period changes US Society?
2. What specific forms of entertainment were popular in the Gilded Age?
PERIOD 6: 1865-1898
Key Concept Outline
Related Thematic
Learning Objectives
(Focus of Exam Questions)
Key Concept 6.2: The migrations that accompanied industrialization transformed
both urban and rural areas of the United States and caused dramatic social and
cultural change.
NAT-1.0: Explain
how
ideas about democracy,
freedom, and individualism
found expression
in the
development
of cultural
values, political institutions,
and American identity.
II. Larger numbers of migrants moved to the West in search of land and economic opportunity,
frequently provoking competition and violent conflict.
1. How does the Homestead Act and Pacific Railroad Act affect settlement?
POL-3.0: Explain how
different beliefs about the
federal government’s role in
U.S. social
and economic
life
have affected political
debates and policies.
MIG-2.0: Analyze causes
of internal migration and
patterns of settlement
in
what would become the
United States, and explain
how migration has affected
American life.
GEO-1.0: Explain how
geographic and
environmental factors
shaped the development of
various communities, and
analyze how competition for
and debates over natural
resources have affected both
interactions among different
groups and
the
development of government
policies.
WOR-1.0: Explain how
cultural interaction,
cooperation, competition,
and conflict between
empires, nations, and
peoples have influenced
political, economic, and
social developments in
North America.
2. What was the purpose of the treaties of Ft. Atkinson and Ft. Laramie in relation to the Native
Americans living West of the Mississippi River?
3 Give two (2) specific examples of evidence that proves conflict occurred between the many
ethnicities in the West as they begin to compete for land, resources, and survival.
A) The building of transcontinental railroads, the discovery of mineral resources, and government
policies promoted economic growth and created new communities and centers of commercial activity.
(23,26)
1. How do large corporations affect the settlement of the west, give (2) specific examples.
B) In hopes of achieving ideals of self-sufficiency and independence, migrants moved to both rural and
boomtown areas of the West for opportunities, such as building the railroads, mining, farming, and
ranching. (23,26)
1. How successful are pioneering families in finding their dream of self-sufficiency and
independence—is this a myth or reality, explain.
C) As migrant populations increased in number and the American bison population was decimated,
competition for land and resources in the West among white settlers, American Indians, and Mexican
Americans led to an increase in violent conflict. (26)
1. Give evidence of the decimation of bison.
2. Explain how Chief Joesph, Geronimo, and Sitting Bull attempt to protect their people and
also explain each leaders tribe, geographic location, and the fate of each of these peoples.
3. Give evidence of conflict with Mexican-Americans.
D) The U.S. government violated treaties with American Indians and responded to resistance with
military force, eventually confining American Indians to reservations and denying tribal sovereignty.
(26)
1. Give evidence of US reservation policy in the late 1800’s.
3. What specifically was the purpose and result of the DAWES SEVERALTY ACT.
E) Many American Indians preserved their cultures and tribal identities despite government policies
promoting assimilation, and they attempted to develop self-sustaining economic practices. (26)
1. Who was Helen Hunt Jackson and what does her novel explain? What was the Carlisle Indian School’s purpose?
PERIOD 6: 1865-1898
Key Concept Outline
Key Concept 6.3: The Gilded Age produced new cultural and intellectual movements, public reform efforts, and
political debates over economic and social policies. (24,25)
Related Thematic Learning
Related Thematic
Learning
Objectives (Focus
of Exam
Questions)
I. New cultural and intellectual movements both buttressed and challenged the social order of the
Gilded Age.
A) Social commentators advocated theories later described as Social Darwinism to justify the
success of those at the top of the socio-economic structure as both appropriate and inevitable.
(25)
1. Define “Social Darwinism”.
CUL-1.0: Explain
2. How does “Social Darwinism” explain the existence of millionaires?
how religious
groups and ideas
have affected
American society
and political life.
CUL-2.0: Explain
how artistic,
philosophical, and
scientific ideas
have developed
and shaped
society and
institutions.
3. Would a supporter of the idea of “Social Darwinism” be in favor of modern day welfare
programs? Why? Why not?
B) Some business leaders argued that the wealthy had a moral obligation to help the less
fortunate and improve society, as articulated in the idea known as the Gospel of Wealth, and they
made philanthropic contributions that enhanced educational opportunities and urban
environments. (25)
1. Who wrote “the Gospel of Wealth” and what was its main point?
2. What other philanthropist challenges the above author and give evidence of his actions.
3. How did philanthropists in the late 1800’s contribute to improvement in urban environments?
C) A number of artists and critics, including agrarians, utopians, socialists, and advocates of the Social Gospel, championed
alternative visions for the economy and U.S. society. (23-26)
1. Define the “Social Gospel Movement” of the late 1800’s. Who were its biggest supporters?
2. Summarize how the “Populists” envisioned a society if they had their way? Use their platform to form your answer.
3. What was Booker T. Washington’s view of how black could earn social equality? Explain.
4. What was W.E.B Dubois view of black social equality & how did it differ from Booker T. Washington?
5. What controversial ideas did journalist Henry George support to solve societal problems ?
6. What book did Edward Bellamy write? What was his vision of a society?
7. Why were the views and actions of Victoria Woodhull so controversial?
8. How do the Ash Can and Impressionist schools of art reflect The Gilded Age?
PERIOD 6: 1865-1898
Key Concept Outline
Objectives (Focus of Exam
Questions)
Key Concept 6.3: The Gilded Age produced new cultural and intellectual movements, public reform
efforts, and political debates over economic and social policies.
NAT-2.0: Explain how
interpretations of the
Constitution and debates
over rights, liberties, and
definitions of citizenship
have affected American
values, politics, and society.
II. Dramatic social changes in the period inspired political debates over citizenship, corruption, and the
proper relationship between business and government. (23,25,26)
1. What was Pendleton Act supposed to fix? How does it have “unintended consequences?
POL-1.0: Explain how and
why political ideas, beliefs,
institutions, party systems,
and alignments have
developed and changed.
POL-2.0: Explain how
popular movements, reform
efforts, and activist groups
have sought to change
American society and
institutions.
CUL-3.0: Explain how ideas
about women’s rights and
gender roles have affected
society and politics.
2. What two (2) acts of Congress in 1887 and 1890 attempt to “regulate” business, are they successful
A) The major political parties appealed to lingering divisions from the Civil War and contended over tariffs
and currency issues, even as reformers argued that economic greed and self-interest had corrupted all levels
of government. (23)
1. What was “waving the bloody shirt”?
2. Why would farmers dislike high tariffs?
3. Give two (2) examples of Corruption in the US Federal Government during the Gilded Age.
B) Many women sought greater equality with men, often joining voluntary organizations, going to college,
promoting social and political reform, and, like Jane Addams, working in settlement houses to help
immigrants adapt to U.S. language and customs. (23,25)
1. What was the purpose of settlement houses?
2. Who was Jane Addams? What did she do in the settlement house movement?
1.
What new jobs were opened for women with the invention of the sewing machine and typewriter?
C) The Supreme Court decision in Plessy v. Ferguson that upheld racial segregation helped to mark the end of most of the political gains
African Americans made during Reconstruction. Facing increased violence, discrimination, and scientific theories of race, African
American reformers continued to fight for political and social equality. ((23,25)
1. What major ruling did the Supreme Court make in the Plessy v. Ferguson case in 1896?
2. Explain how the fusion of the Republican and Fusion parties in North Carolina in 1896 gave Blacks hope for the future – AND
– Explain the Wilmington Massacre of 1898 and its role in cementing the “Solid South” – “Jim Crow” system for at least 65
years.