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1. Geographers are most interested in looking at space and identifying, explaining and predicting human and
physical patters that develop across space over time and the connections among places and spaces. This is known
as a spatial perspective. How places interact with each other is spatial interaction.
2. Something’s location on the global grid, or its latitude and longitude coordinates is called its absolute location.
*Just for fun: Why is the equator the only line of latitude that can be the baseline for latitude, but any line of
longitude could actually serve as 0’ longitude?
3. The internal physical and cultural characteristics of a place is called site, while situation refers to the location or
context of a place in relation to the physical and cultural characteristics around it.
5. A region with common cultural or physical characteristics is called formal; a region that links nodes by some type
of movement is functional; a group of places linked by perception (opinion) is vernacular or perceptual region.
6. All of the human and physical attributes of a location is known as place.
7. Geographers analyze how information, people, goods and other phenomena move. This theme of geography is
obviously called movement.
8. The degree to which distance interferes or reduces the amount of interaction between two places is called
friction of distance. This can be reduced with modern transportation and communication technologies.
9. Distance decacy occurs when the intensity of some phenomenon decreases as distance from it increases.
10. The increasing sense that the world is “becoming smaller” due to communication and transportation
technologies is called time-space compression.
11. Physical geography is primarily concerned with the spatial analysis of the Earth’s natural phenomena (soil,
weather, topography for example- where and why).
12. The spatial analysis of things such as where and why patterns of religions, governments, languages,
population, and economies exist on the Earth is called human geography.
13. A two dimensional model of the Earth or a portion of is called a map.
13. The process or science of making a map is cartography.
14. All cartographers get rid of unnecessary details in a process called simplification..
15. The most accurate representation of the earth is a because all flat maps have distortion.
16. Geometric shapes of the objects on a map is shape, the area or the relative amount of space taken up on a
map by landforms or objects is size, the represented distance between objects on a map is distance, the degree of
accuracy representing the cardinal and intermediate directions is called direction. Any of these can be distorted on
a map projection (flat representation of the round globe).
17. *Types of map projections. (Mercator, Robinson, Azimuthal, Peters).
18. Mental or cognitive map is a map drawn from memory and reflects the perceptions of those who draw them.
It is important to look at what is present and also what is missing on this type of map.
19. Map or cartographic scale refers to the relationship between distance on the map and the actual
measurement in the real world. So, the larger the area of space being represented on the map, the smaller the
scale!
20. Scale of inquiry refers to the scope of geographic analysis- local, state, country, world, etc.
21. Reference maps show common features such as boundaries, roads and mountains.
22. Thematic maps display one feature or pattern such as climate, city size, or an even number of crocodiles.
23. Isoline thematic maps display lines that connect points of equal value, usually elevation.
24. Chloropleth thematic maps show patterns of some variable using colors or degrees of shading, such as
population density or religions.
25. Proportional thematic maps use symbols like circles, stars, triangles, etc to display the frequency of some
variable--- the larger the symbol the higher the frequency.
26. Dot density maps are thematic maps that use equally sized dots to represent the frequency of a variable in a
given area.
27. A cartogram is a map that uses space on the map to show a particular variable. For example a map of world
population would show China and India huge and Canada really small.
28. GIS is a computer program that stores geographic data and produces maps to show that data in space, usually
by layering data patterns over each other.
29. The collection of information from satellites and distant collection systems not in physical contact with the
objects being analyzed is remote sensing.
30. GPS uses satellite driven information to determine location on the global grid.
31. Demography is the study of human populations.
32. Distribution of a population is the pattern of people across the Earth’s surface.
33. Approximately 75% of all humans live on only 5% of the Earth’s surface, the portion called the ecumene.
34. A little over 50% live in cities (urban areas) while the others live in rural areas. This is a recent shift in human
settlement patterns.
35. Approximately 80% of Earth’s population lives in LDC in Latin America, Africa and Asia.
36. The only two countries to have over a billion in population are China and India.
37. The largest concentration of people on Earth is found in East Asia (China, Japan, Taiwan, North and South
Korea). Nearly 1 in 4 humans live in this region.
38. Most Asians are subsistence farmers. Despite being agricultural and rural, they still live in high-density
settlements, which is different from most of the Western world.
39. The second largest concentration of people is in South Asia (India, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Pakistan).
40. India will most likely overtake China by 2030 as the world’s most populated country because it’s rate of natural
increase is higher than China’s.
41. The third largest concentration of people is Europe, from the Atlantic to the Ural Mountains.
42. Large coal deposits in this region facilitated the population explosion associated with the Industrial Revolution
of the 1800s.
43. In contrast to Asia, most Europeans live in cities, but although Europe has the highest percentage of urban
dwellers, Asia still has the highest number of urban dwellers.
44. The number of people in a particular land area is known as density.
45. To divide the total number of people by the total land area is called arithmetic density.
46. The number of people per unit of arable land is called physiological density.
47. The number of farmers per unit of arable land is called agricultural density.
48. A very high agricultural density means that many farmers are on each piece of farmland. A low agricultural
density could suggest the presence of larger farms or more mechanized farming technology.
49. Immigration refers to people coming into a country (or region), emigration refers to people leaving a country
(or region).
50. The number of people an area can support or sustain is carrying capacity. It is a number that depends not only
on available space, but also on available technology, wealth, climate and ability to bring in resources from other
areas to support its people.
51. Infrastructure refers to support systems in a region including housing, police forces, road systems, education,
food supplies, heathcare, water and sewer systems, etc.
52. Over population occurs when a region’s population outgrows its carrying capacity.
53. *Overpopulation is not always just a reflection of the natural resources such as food and water available in a
region…. For example Japan has increased its carrying capacity to avoid overpopulation by developing trade
relationships with other countries so Japan could import food in exchange for technology…. On the other hand,
some places are capable of producing more resources than they can harvest due to under developed economic
and technological infrastructures.
54. *The reason for underdevelopment include colonial exploitation, educational and gender inequities, and
inefficient economic and agricultural processes in place, among other factors.
55. On a population pyramid, the ages or cohort between 0 -14 years is known as pre-reproductive.
56. The cohort between 15-45 is reproductive and 46- up is post reproductive.
57.
Be able to recognize which is growing, slowing, decreasing. Future needs and trends? Level of development.
Which countries would be more urban?
58. Higher percentages of elderly due to better health care, improved life expectancy and lower birth rates among
younger generations, some more developed countries are experiencing graying populations. (This can actually
lead to higher death rates in developed countries compared to less developed countries!)
59. Dependency ratio analyzes the workforce and age distribution in a country. It compares those people not in
the workforce with those in the labor force.
60. Usually, people aged 15-64 are considered nondependent because they could normally support themselves
through work. Dependents are usually people either older or younger than the working group.
61. What does a high dependency ration mean?
62. A graying population and rapid population growth are both related to an increasing dependency ration. Be
able to give an example of each in the world today.
63. Crude Birthrate (CBR) number of births per 1,000 per year. Crude death rate (CDR) number of deaths per
1,000 per year.
64. Rate of Natural Increase (RNI)The growth rate of a population not including immigration and emigration.
65. Infant mortality rate (IMR) number of infant deaths per 1,000 live births in a year, or in the infants first year.
66. Life expectancy average number of years to be lived by a person.
67. Fecundity the ability of a woman to conceive. Generally 15-45, but this range is expanding in many regions.
68. Fertility rate or general fertility rate projected number of births a woman will have as she passes through her
fecund years. The 2010 global rate was greater than 2.5, which means that a woman is likely to have between 2
and 3 children as she ages from 15-45.
69. A TFR of 2.1-2.5 is considered replacement level fertility.
70. Zero population growth can occur when birth rate equals death rate or there is replacement rate fertility.
71. Approximately 10,000-12,000 years ago, the first agricultural revolution (aka- the domestication of plants and
animals), led to the development of civilization and cities as well as faster population growth. 1700s Industrial
revolution, new machines and technology led to 2nd agriculture revolution- fertilizer, storage increased capacityworked together to support the rapid Western European population surge, this spread to Eastern Europe and
North America.
72. Industrialization led to urbanization as people moved from rural areas to find factory jobs.
73. Thomas Malthus wrote An Essay on the Principle of Population in 1798 predicting that world population
growth would exceed its carrying capacity.
*He thought population was growing exponentially, while food production was growing arithmetically.
*He advocated positive checks on population such as birth control and celibacy. He also warned of
negative checks such as famine and disease.
*He was a minister and part of his argument was based on morality, he thought overpopulation was
linked in part to immorality.
*Critics of Malthusian theory argue that he did not predict agricultural innovations.
*Contemporary advocates of Malthus are called Neo-Malthusians and call for regions not to exceed their
carrying capacity.
*Karl Marx argued that the issue was not population growth rates, but was related to unequal distribution
of wages and resources. What is Karl Marx considered the father of? Communism
*Ester Boserup believed that overpopulation could be avoided by increasing the number of subsistence
farmers. ******POPULATION POLICIES!!!!***********PRO AND ANTI NATAL
74. The United Nations predicts three possibilities for future population growth: low growth- the earth will reach
7.5 in 2050 and decline to 5.1 by 2100; high growth scenario- 11 billion by 2050, rising to 16 billion by 2100;
medium growth scenario, which most accept- 9 billion by 2050 and 9.4 by 2100.
75. One key to reducing global RNI, is improving educational and economic opportunities for women.
76. A pandemic is a disease, such as HIV/AIDS, that affects large numbers of people at the global level.
77. An epidemic is a disease affecting a more local region acutely.
78. Africa is at the epicenter, or region at the center of impact of HIV/AIDS.
79. The infection rate in Asia is the highest in the world. As seen in other regions, factors such as drug use,
poverty, insufficient healthcare, and discrimination of homosexuals has contributed to the HIV/AIDS crisis in Asia.
80. In undeveloped countries, when the population continues to grow even after replacement level fertility is
reached, it is called demographic momentum.
81. What does this have to do with a population pyramid with a wide base and why would this also be called
hidden momentum? For a while even if those young people have two babies per couple, the new generation of
births will surpass older people dying.
82. The process of coming together and having more contact with each other, even though real distance remains
the same is called space-time compression.
83. The friction of distance is being reduced through space-time compression, and as a result, spatial interaction is
increasing.
84. Spatial interaction is the interaction between two places, whether through communication , economic
transaction, migration or travel.
85. Migration is the process of permanently moving from your home region and crossing an administrative border
or boundary such as between counties, states or countries.
86. Push factors are negative influences that make a person want to move away, such as high taxes, high crime
rates, abusive governments, etc.
87. Pull factors are the positive influences that attract a person toward a particular place, such as affordable
housing, good schools, etc…
88. A migration stream is the pathway from a place of origin to a destination. Study of these patterns often give
clues to what is happening in various parts of the world.
89. If a place has more immigrants than emigrants it has a net in-migration. If a place has more emigrants than
immigrants, it has a net out-migration.
90. North America, Oceania, and Europe are experiencing net in-migration; Asia, Africa, and Latin America are
experiencing net out-migration.
91. Usually when there is a migration stream, there is a counter-migration of people moving back to the place of
origin from the new place. (Examples??)
92. Some migration streams occur as a result of information exchange, people hear of opportunities or have
family members or see advertisements.
93. Chain migration occurs when people migrate to be with people who migrated before them and that they feel
some kind of connection with – familial, ethnic, religious, ethnic, cultural or other.
94. Voluntary migration occurs when migrants have an option to move or not. Forced or involuntary migration is
when people are pushed from their land.
95. What is the largest forced migration in history? Atlantic Slave Trade
96. Refugees are migrants fleeing some form of persecution or abuse.
97. International migrants (refugees) flee their country and move to another country, while internally displaced
people abandon their homes but remain in their country.
98. Examples of refugees, forced migration
Sub-Saharan Africa
Mid East (incl. N.Af) Europe
Southeast Asia
South Asia
*Rwanda
*Palestinians
*Balkan Peninsula
*Vietnam War
*Afghanistan to
*Darfur
*Kurds
*Cambodia
Pakistan
*Syria
*Burma/Myanmar
*Sri Lanka
99. The US has seen three major waves of immigration, each from different parts of the world.
*Colonial Era- 1600s-1776: Europe and Africa; voluntary and involuntary
*19th Century, continued migration from Europe; before 1840s from England, but in 1840s-50s many from
Germany and Ireland in search of opportunity.
*1900s from other parts of Europe like Italy, Austria-Hungary and Russia
*Quota Act of 1921, allowed higher immigration from Europe and discriminated against Asians and other
regions
*During Great Depression and WWII, immigration dropped off dramatically
*1970s and 80s, Asia was the leading source of immigration (why???)
*By late 1980s, Latin America was the leading source of immigration
100. Guest workers are temporary and usually send remittances to family back home. These workers perform
anything from agricultural jobs to factories to universities.
101. Internal migration is movement within a country as opposed to international or external migration which is
movement outside a country.
102. As industrialization built up cities in the U.S., more and more Americans migrated from farms to cities
(intraregional migration), a counter stream developed as people left the crowded cities for suburbs.
103. The direction of population movement in the United States is to the south and west.
104. The period of migration by African Americans during WWI to fill industrial jobs in the north was called the
Great Migration.
105. By the 1970s, more African Americas were moving south than north, a migration stream that increased as
U.S. factories closed down creating a Rustbelt in the Northeast and a Sunbelt in the South as migrants moved to
take advantage of “sunny” economy and opportunity. (Identify push and pull factors)
106. The decision to migrate often fits into a predictable pattern based on age, income, and other socio-economic
factors.
* Age is the most influential factor. (Americans are most likely to move between the ages of 18-30)
* Education. Typically the more educated, the more likely they are to make long-distance moves.
*Brain drain occurs when most educated workers leave for a more attractive destination.
107. The area a person travels on a daily basis is called activity space. This is impacted by modern transportation
and communication technology.
108. Cyclic movement occurs during your daily routine from your home and back. Seasonal movement is a form
of cyclic movement that involves leaving your home region for a short time in response to a change of season.
Periodic involves longer periods of stay, such as military service or attending college.
109. Intervening opportunity is something a person encounters on a long move that keeps them from continuing
to their planned destination.
110. Intervening obstacle is a barrier in a migratory journey that prevents the migrant from reaching the planned,
final destination. Financial problems, immigration requirements, and wars are examples of this.
Study these models:
Demographic Transition Model
*Epidemiologic Transition Model
*Zelinsky Model of Migration Transition
Gravity Model (of spatial interaction)
E.G. Ravenstein’s Laws of Migration (19th Century)