Download Chapter 1 Chemistry: Matter and Measurement

Honors Chemistry
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Chapter 1 - Chemistry: Matter and Measurements
Introduction:
Chemistry is concerned with matter and energy and how the two interact with
each other.
Chemistry is a foundation for other disciplines:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Chemistry-related issues:
1.
2.
3.
1.1
Types of Matter
Matter has mass and takes up space:
Phases of matter:
Solids
Liquids
Gases
Pure substances
mixtures
A. elements:
1.
2.
3.
B. Atomic symbols
Elements are given symbols:
1.
2.
3.
C. compounds:
1. Compounds are combinations of two or more elements
chemically bonded to one another.
2. Compounds always contain the same elements in the same
composition by mass
Water by mass:
3.
D. mixtures
1.
A. copper sulfate and sand
B. Contrast with the formation of a compound
2. homogeneous mixtures
3. heterogeneous mixtures
4. separation of mixtures (methods)
Filtration –
Distillation –
Chromatography –
Forensic Chemistry –
Chromatography-
Biochemistry-
1.2 Measurements
Metric system:
1.
2. four major units:
A. instruments and units
1. length
2. volume
Measuring Volume:
3. mass
4. temperature
Temperature Units:
The Fahrenheit Scale:
The Kelvin Scale:
Relationships between temperature scales:
Fahrenheit and Celsius:
Celsius and Kelvin:
Example 1.1:
Mercury thermometers are being phased out because of the toxicity of mercury
vapor. A common replacement for mercury is the organic liquid isoamyl
benzoate, which boils are 262°C. What is its boiling point in °F? and K?
B. Uncertainties in Measurements
1. Significant figures
Example 1.2:
Using different balances, three different students weigh the same object. They
report the following masses:
a. 1.611g
b. 1.60g
c. 0.001611kg
How many significant figures does each value have?
Rounding Rules:
1.
2.
Addition and Subtraction Rule:
1.
2.
3.
Multiplication and Division Rule:
1.
Example:
Example:
Exact Numbers:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
C. Conversion of Units
1.
2.
A.
B.
Example1.4:
A gasoline station in Manila, Philippines, charges 37.57 pesos per liter ofr super
unleaded gasoline at a time when one U.S. dollar (USD) buys 47.15 Philippine
pesos (PHP). The car you are driving has a capacity of 14.00 U.S. gallons, and
gets 24 miles per gallon.
A. What is the cost in USD/gallon?
B. How much would a tank full cost in USD?
C. If you are empty and have 1255 pesos, how many km can you drive?
1.3 Properties of Substances
Chemical properties
Physical properties
Examples of chemical properties:
Examples of physical properties:
A. Density
Example 1.5:
Two students were given identical cylindrical “palladium: bars with the following
data:
Mass = 96.03g, length = 10.7 cm, diameter = 9.82 mm, and density = 12.02g/mL
A. Student X was asked to determine whether her bar was made of pure
palladium.
B. Student Y was asked to determine how many grams of ethyl alcohol (d =
0.789 g/mL) his bar would displace.
B. Solubility
1. saturated
2. unsaturated
3. supersaturated
Example 1.6 on page 16 of the textbook – reading a solubility curve
C. Color
D. Visible Light
SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION:
Precision and Accuracy in Measurements
A. Precision vs. Accuracy (% error calculations)
B. Scientific/Exponential Notation
Example: Express the following numbers in scientific notation:
a) 0.00005607
b) 560700000000
C. Significant Figures
Rules for significant figures:
a. Nonzero digits
b. Initial zeros
c. In-between zeros
d. Final zeros
Example: State the number of significant figures in the following
set of measurements:
a) 30.0 g
b) 29.9801 g
c) 0.03 kg
d) 31,000 mg
e) 3102. cg
What statements can you make about the accuracy and
precision of measurements a-e?
Example: Solve the following problems and state the answers with
the proper number of significant figures.
a) Calculate the area of an object with a length of 1.345 m and a
width of 0.057 m.
b) Calculate the density of a substance with a mass of 12.03 g and
a volume of 7.0 mL.
Example: Express the answers to the following computations in
the correct number of significant figures:
a) 129.0 g + 53.21 g + 1.4365 g
b) 10.00 m - 0.0448 m
C. Area and Volume Conversions
Example: Express the area of a 27.0 square yards of carpet in
square meters.
Example: Convert 17.5 quarts to cubic meters.
(1 L = 1.057 qt, 1 ft3 = 28.32 L)