Download Distance between the two islands

Packet #9 Volcanic Eruptions
Name________________________ per______
Reading Guide: Chapter 13.1 (Read & study pages 319-325) 3a Students will know the properties of the 3 types of volcanoes
1. Define Magma:
2. What is volcanism?
3. Define lava:
4. Define volcano:
5. If you plot the location of volcanoes and earthquakes on a world map what do you see?
6. What is the Pacific Ring of fire and how has it
formed?
7. What is a subduction zone?
8. Where does the largest amount of magma
come to the surface?
10a. Describe how a hot spot forms:
9. Describe a mid-ocean ridge?
10b. Give an example of a hot spot:
11 List 2 ways that magma effects the surrounding rocks:
12. When magma does not reach Earth’s surface, the magma may____________________________________.
This process results in: _______________________________________________________________________
Reading Guide: Chapter 13.2 (Read & study pages 325-329)
3a Students will know there are 3 types of volcanoes with different properties.
1. Define Mafic:
2. Define Felsic
3. What type of volcanoes do quiet eruptions come from?
4. Mafic lava forms pahoehoe and aa lava, describe how they form and what they look like:
Pahoehoe:
aa:
5. Explosive eruptions come from felsic lavas of
_______________ ________________, such as
Mt. St. Helens.
6. Felsic lavas also contain large amounts of __________
________________________________________________
7a. Define pyroclastic material:
7b. Describe the types of pyroclastic material below:
Volcanic ash:
Lapilli
8. List the 3 types of volcanoes: _____________,
____________________, __________________
9. Define caldera:
10. What is one of the most important warning
signals of a volcanic eruption?
11. What does the magma in the volcano do before an
eruption?
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Bill Nye: VOLCANOES
QUESTION
1. Volcanoes can carve landforms, such as lakes and valley, in a matter of hours.
2. The Hawaiian Islands were formed by volcanoes located at a plate boundary.
3. Molten lava solidifies and forms the core of the Earth.
4. When lava cools, it forms a hard rock.
5. After a volcanic eruption, it is nearly impossible for plant life to grow due to the poor
soil.
6. Like magma or lava, molten lead is a liquid that can flow.
7. Heat and pressure combine to form a volcanic eruption.
8. How hot is lava? A) Under 100˚ C
B) About 500˚ C
C) Over 1000˚ C
9. Plate movements cause volcanoes to:
A) Become dormant
B) Explode
C) Ooze
D) None of the above
10. A stone wind can cause: A) The growth of trees
C) Destruction of trees
B) The destruction of volcanoes
D) An increase in plate movement
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What is a Mineral? Reading Guide: Chapter 5.1 (Read and study text pages 103-114)
1E1d. Students will formulate explanations using logic and evidence.
1. Define mineral:
2. How many minerals are there?________________
How many minerals are considered common minerals? ___
What are they called?______________________
3. Define silicate minerals:
4. Define non-silicate minerals:
5. Define crystal:
6. What does a mineralogist study?:
7. Each mineral has a distinct set of properties used to identify it. Describe each mineral property listed below:
Color:
Hardness:
Streak:
Crystal shape
Luster:
Density
Cleavage:
Fluorescence & phosphorescence
Fracture:
Double Refraction
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Weathering Processes Reading Guide: Chapter 14.1 (Read and study text pages 343-348)
1E1d. Students will formulate explanations using logic and evidence.
1. Define weathering:
2. Define mechanical weathering
3. List the common agents of mechanical
weathering:
4. Describe Ice wedging
5. What is Abrasion?
6. Explain how organic activity produces weathering:
7. Define chemical weathering:
8a. What is oxidation?
9. What is hydrolysisi?
8b.What color does iron turn when it is oxidized?
10. List one example of carbonation:
11. What is acid precipitation?
Erosion Reading Guide: Chapter 14.4 (Read and study text pages 357-364)
7c. students know the movement of matter among reservoirs is driven by Earth’s internal and external sources of energy.
1. Define erosion:
2. As rock weathers what does it eventually become?
3. What does clearing plants and allowing
animals grazing do to soil?
4. Describe sheet erosion:
5. What does constant erosion do to the soil?
6. Explain how organic activity produces weathering:
7. List 2 ways human activities cause erosion:
8. Describe 1 farming technique that can reduce soil erosion:
9. Define mass movement:
10. Describe a landslide:
11. Describe a mudflow:
12. Explain how a plateau is formed:
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VOLCANO NOTES
3 Types of Volcanoes: _____________________, _____________________, ________________________
1) Mt. Vesuvius buried towns under a blanket of ___________.
2) People from the town always return to ______________________ their town.
Cinder Cone- ______________________
_______________
_
Cinder Cone Facts
Size: _________________, _______________ of meters
______________
_
Shape: ________________________________
Made of: particles & blobs of lava called
____________________ or ___________________
Rock type: _________________ rock (__________________)
Example: Paricutin, ______ & __________________ Crater, ______
_______________
Location: ____________________________ Zones (_____________________________)_
3) How long did the volcano erupt? ________________
4) When did it erupt? _____________
5) Now the volcano is ___________________________.
Composite Volcano (____________________________________)  strato means __________________
Composite Volcano Facts
Size: ______________________
Shape: _____________________ &
____________________________
________
__
Made of: layers of _____________ &
_____________
Rock type: ______________________/
________________________
_________________ rock (ash, tephra)
Ex: __________________________,
___________________________,
________________
Location: _________________________________ zones (______________________________)
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Lava flow
6) How hot is a pyroclastic flow? __________________ degrees
7) How fast is it moving? _________________ mph
8) What caused the eruption of Mt. St. Helens? ____________________________
9) How far away could it be heard? ____________ miles
10) How high into the sky was the ash cloud? ___________ miles
____________________________ Volcano
Shield Volcano Facts
Size: ____________________________, 10,000’s Km
Shape: __________________________________volcanoes
Made of: Lava flows (___________ moving) Aa (____________________) & Pahoehoe (________________)
Rock type: _______________________
Ex: _______________________________, ________________________________, Galapagos
Location: _________________________ & Mid-Ocean Ridges (______________________________)
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Mineral Notes
What is a mineral?
_______________________________________________________________
Inorganic ________________________
Has a __________________________________
Has ___________________________________________
Mineral have Properties
________________, ___________________, _____________________, _____________________,
________________, _________________, ______________________
Color- ________________ reliable
Some minerals can be ________________________________________________
Example: _______________
Color- but it is _________________!
Some minerals are always the same color, __________________(yellow), & _____________ (gold).
Luster
Describes the _______________________________________________________.
Two types
1) _________________________ - minerals that are shiny like metals
2) _________________________ - not shiny
Mineral with metallic luster: _________, __________, __________, __________, ___________
Streak- (only for __________________ minerals)
________________________________________________________________________________
How is Streak used?
When some metallic minerals are scratched along a ceramic streak plate, they create a ________
___________________________________________________________________.
This can be helpful in telling minerals apart.
Streak Example #1
Ex: Gold = _____________________ color streak; Pyrite (fool’s gold) = ______________ streak
Streak Example #2
Hematite’s color is __________, but its streak is ______________.
Hema means blood.
The mineral was named hematite because it looked like it was bleeding when it was taken across a
streak plate.
Nonmetallic Lusters: _________, __________, __________, __________, ___________
Hardness
Some minerals are very ______________, others are very _______________.
Moh’s Hardness Scale: Higher # = ____________
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Lower # = ______________
Each mineral can scratch its self & the minerals that are below it on the scale.
Moh’s Hardness Scale
Hardness of common objects
Finger nail= ___________, Copper penny = ___________, Steel Nail= ____________
How does it work?
If you ____________ scratch a mineral with your fingernail, it must be softer than 2.5.
If you _____________ scratch the mineral, it must be harder than 2.5
Crystal Shape
• Minerals form distinct __________________________.
• Figuring out the shape can help you identify the mineral. (Note: the shapes may not always
be easy to see without a special microscope)
Fracture & Cleavage
These terms describe the way a mineral breaks.
If a mineral fractures, _________________________________________________________.
If it cleaves, then it breaks, _________________________________________ in the atomic
structure of the crystal. This makes smooth breaks.
• ____________ has cleavage in one direction. It breaks along one line. (very smooth)
• ____________ has conchoidal fracture (notice the sharp edges)
Specific Gravity/ Density
• Density= ______________
• If the mineral is heavy for its size, then it has a ___________________ specific gravity.
Special Properties
1. Feel: Soapy, greasy, rough smooth
Talc = _________________
2. Chemical Reaction: ________________ will bubble with acid. (effervesce)
3. Odor: Sulfur = _____________________
4. Double Refraction: _____________
5. Magnetism: magnetite
6. Taste: _________________
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Mineral Lab
Name________________________ Per____________
1. Get a container of minerals & an identification sheet.
2. CAREFULLY dump out the minerals and PUT THEM IN ORDER (1-21). Call me over for help.
3. Then use the chart and the identification sheet to figure out the name of your mineral.
Mineral
#
Luster
Metallic or
nonmetallic
If metallic
Color of
streak on
tile plate
If nonmetallic find
HARDNESS:
scratch glass > 5
will not scratch <5
Do you see a
crystal shape?
If so describe..
cube, rhomb?
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
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Special properties?
(odor, feel, double
refraction, magnetic)
Mineral
Name
How Fast Do Plates Move?
1. Using the scale shown on the diagram, determine the distance between the five major
islands and enter your answers in the appropriate spaces on the following data table. Measure
the distance between the dots placed at the center of the major islands.
2. Convert each distance from kilometers to centimeters by multiplying the value in kilometers
by 100,000. Enter the new data in the appropriate spaces on the data table.
3. Calculate the approximate age differences between the islands and enter the data in the
table.
Distance between the two islands
Difference in approx. ages
Islands
(km)
(cm)
of the 2 islands (yrs)
Hawaii & Maui
Maui & Molokai
Molokai & Oahu
Oahu & Kauai
4. Using the following formula, calculate the approximate speed at which the crustal plate was
moving between the times that each of the islands formed. Enter your data in the data table.
Speed of crustal movement (cm/yr) = Distance between the two islands (in centimeters)
Difference in approximate ages of the two islands (yrs)
Islands
Speed of Crustal Movement (cm/yr)
Hawaii & Maui
Maui & Molokai
Molokai & Oahu
Oahu & Kauai
5. Now calculate the average speed of crustal movement.
Average speed of crustal movement =_________________centimeters per year.
6. a. In which direction was the crustal plate apparently moving when the Hawaiian islands
were formed? ___________________________________________________________
b. Explain your answer ____________________________________________________
7. a. According to your data, did the crustal plate always move at the same speed? ________
b. Explain your answer.____________________________________________________
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Dante's Peak
1. Describe 2 natural phenomena shown in the opening scene during the volcanic eruption.
2. Why has Harry Dalton been called to the Northern Cascades?
3. U.S.G.S. stands for the United States _____________________________________.
4. What is the depth of the seismic activity at Dante's Peak?
5. What kind of spring are Twonset springs?
6. Dr. Dalton is not a geologist, he is a ____________________.
7. Dr. Dalton is checking the water at the high lake for __________________.
8. What is Dr. Dalton's theory about the cause for the death of trees and wildlife in the area?
9. Dalton describes the volcano as not dead, but ________________, like it is only sleeping.
10. What tools does the seismologist use to monitor the volcano?
11. The scientists enter the volcano crater by helicopter to check for _______ readings & emissions.
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BILL NYE: Erosion
QUESTION
1. Water can cause erosion by dissolving minerals.
2. When water freezes, it contracts.
3. Landscapes stay the same over long periods of time because of erosion.
4. Rust is formed by chemical erosion.
5. Homes built on the sides of hills face the greatest risk of being destroyed by wind
erosion.
6. Rock that is composed of different layers can erode from the inside, thus creating an
arch.
7. Living things, such as trees, can both slow down and speed up erosion.
8. Which of the following DOES NOT directly cause erosion?
A) Ice
B) Lichen
C) Sun light
D) Chemicals
9. All of the following are caused by water erosion, except:
A) Seastacks
B) Sand
C) Canyons
D) Mushroom
rocks
10. Canyon walls are worn away by erosion at a rate of approximately:
A) 0.5 cm/yr
B) 1 cm/yr
C) 10 cm/yr
D) 100cm/yr
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Volcanoes & Plate Tectonics
1. Find out about recent volcanic activity. Use the link to complete the first 4 columns of the table below for 5 eruptions.
Date
Volcano Name
Country/ Latitude & Summarize the details of the eruption
Longitude
Name the plates
Involved
2.
Most volcanoes occur along the edges of Earth's tectonic plates. Fill in the last column using the latitude and
longitude of each volcano you found above. Locating the 5 volcanoes on this plate tectonic map. Click on them map
to enlarge it.
3.
To learn more about what can happen when tectonic plates meet each other, go to The Action is at the Edges. Fill in
the blanks in the following paragraph.
Three things can happen when tectonic plates meet.
Plates push against each other along a _______________________ plate boundary.
Plates move apart along a ___________________________ plate boundary.
Plates slip past each other sideways at ___________________________ plate boundaries.
4.
Next, you'll see what happens along divergent plate boundaries. You can also view an animation. What happens as
two plates move away from each other?
5.
Now you'll explore convergent boundaries. What is a subduction zone?
6.
Here's more information about convergent boundaries. Describe what happens when a dense oceanic tectonic plate
meets a less-dense continental plate.
7.
Describe how magma forms in a subduction zone.
8.
What is a magma chamber?
9.
What happens when the molten rock breaks through the surface?
10. Some volcanoes don’t occur at plate boundaries they are hot spot volcanoes. Describe how hot spot volcanoes form and
give an example.
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