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THE CIVIL WAR
The Civil War was fought between a divided United States. The South fought to defend its
territory and maintain its separation. The North wanted to bring the Southern states back
into the Union and end slavery. The border states, Missouri, Kentucky, Maryland, and
Delaware, allowed slavery but remained in the Union. People of these states were divided
over which side to support.
The destruction of the Civil War caused economic setbacks throughout the
country, especially in the South. Because of these economic problems,
counterfeiting, or making fake currency and trying to spend it, became a problem.
The Secret Service, part of the United States Department of the Treasury, was
created in 1865 to fight counterfeiting. The Secret Service did not begin
protecting the presidents until 1901, after President William McKinley was
assassinated.
Important Civil War Battles
The first battle of the war was the First Battle of Bull Run in July 1861. The Union and
Confederate armies met at Manassas Junction near a small river called Bull Run. The
Union was defeated.
In 1862 the Union narrowly defeated the Confederacy at the Battle of Shiloh. A few
weeks later, the Union naval forces captured New Orleans, the South’s largest city.
The Second Battle of Bull Run ended in a Confederate victory. Lee’s army was now
only 20 miles from Washington, D.C.
In 1862 the armies fought in the single bloodiest day of the war at the Battle of
Antietam. After the Union victory at Antietam, President Lincoln issued the
Emancipation Proclamation that freed enslaved African Americans held in Confederate
states. The effect of the Proclamation was to encourage enslaved African Americans to
flee from their slaveholders.
The turning points of the war were the Battle of Gettysburg and the Battle of
Vicksburg, which were fought at the same time. The Confederates were defeated in both
battles. With the surrender at Vicksburg, the Union now controlled the Mississippi River.
Arkansas, Texas, and Louisiana were cut off from the rest of the South.
In 1864 and 1865, Sherman and Grant led Union troops to victories in Atlanta, Savannah,
and Richmond. Grant pushed south and Sherman pushed north in order to surround Lee’s
army between their two armies. On April 8, 1865, General Lee surrendered to Grant at
Appomattox, Virginia. The war ended.
Search for Clues
DIRECTIONS: Write the answer to each clue on the line. Then use the clues to answer
the question at the bottom of the page. Information to help you answer each clue can
be found in Chapter 16 of your textbook.
Clue 1: The name of the Confederate capital was .
Write the second letter of the missing word in blank 1 in the box at the bottom of the
page.
Clue 2: The states allowed slavery but were still loyal to the Union.
Write the third letter of the missing word in blank 2 in the box at the bottom of the
page.
Clue 3: The term refers to the name given to Southern soldiers.
m. blockade runners n. Yankees o. Rebels p. greenbacks
In blank 3 at the bottom of the page, write the letter of the correct answer to this
multiple-choice question.
Clue 4: “To set up a strong position” is the definition of which of these terms?
blockade entrenched border state bounties
Write the second letter of the correct term in blank 4 at the bottom of the page.
Clue 5: George McClellan headed the Union army of the East called the Army of the
_________ .
Write the last letter of the missing word in blank 5 in the box at the bottom of the
page.
Clue 6: David Farragut captured New ______________ .
Write the third letter of the missing word in blank 6 in the box at the bottom of the
page.
Clue 7: Before the Battle of _________________ , Union soldiers found Lee’s plans
for his army wrapped around three cigars.
Write the first letter of the missing word in blank 7 in the box at the bottom of the
page.
Clue 8: The _________________required men between the ages of 18 and 35 to serve in
the Confederate army.
Write the first letter of the missing word in blank 8 in the box at the bottom of the
page.
Clue 9: The Gettysburg _______helped Americans focus on why the Civil War was
being fought.
q. battle
r. Cemetery s. Address
t. Debate
In blank 9, write the letter of the correct answer to this multiple-choice question.
QUESTION: What were ships such as the Monitor and the Merrimack called? Your
answer should be the same as the letters derived from Clues 1-9
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Causes and Effects of the Civil War (1861-1865)
CAUSES
IMMEDIATE EFFECTS
Conflict over slavery in territories
Economic differences between North
and South
Failure of Congress to compromise
Election of Lincoln as President
Secession of Southern states
Firing on Fort Sumter
Abolition of slavery
Devastation of the South
LONG-TERM EFFECTS
Growth of industry
Government more powerful
Nation Reunited
COMPARING THE NORTH AND SOUTH DURING THE
WAR
NORTH
SOUTH
Most whites are enraged;
blacks are elated
Northern Victories in
Battle
Many people are
enthusiastic; Democrats
are angered
Mild inflation; new
possibilities for women
Union confidence rises;
Lincoln wins second term
Union Wins Civil War
Industrial expansion
Emancipation
Proclamation
War’s Impact
Severe inflation; new
possibilities for women
Confederate morale
sinks; bid for European
recognition is lost
Slaves freed; widespread economic
devestation