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Chapter 9 notes
Section 1:
Washington Takes Office
_________________ __________________ became the first president of the United States. His
every action as president would set a _____________________, an example that would become
standard practice. The vice president was ____________ _________________ , because he
received the second most votes. An argument arose over what title to use when addressing
Washington and they finally agreed upon ____ ______________________.
Setting Up the Courts
To create a court system, Congress passed the ____________________
________________________ ______________. This act gave the Supreme Court _____
members. A chief justice or judge, and 5 _____________________ _________________. Today
that number has increased to _______. This act also provided for _________________ courts and
________________ ____________________ was appointed as chief justice.
Washington’s Cabinet
The president needed help to run the country. He had the power to ___________ people to assist
him, and these people became known as his ___________________.
The Congress created the
following departments: 1) Secretary of War: run by _____________ __________________.
2) Secretary of State: run by _______________________ _____________________.
3) Secretary of the Treasury: run by ______________________ _____________________.
4) Attorney General: _____________________ ____________________.
Economic Problems
The new government needed to pay its war debts from the ___________________ War. By 1789
the national debt totaled ___________ million dollars. These debts needed to repaid for the United
States to win the _________________ of ___________________ nations and its own
_____________________.
To help these issues Hamilton came up with a financial plan that reflected his belief in a
______________________ central government. He also felt that the government should encourage
________________________ and _______________________. He thought that the nation’s
prosperity depended on them.
Hamilton’s Financial Plan:
1)
2)
3)
Hamilton wanted the federal government to pay off the war debts of the ________________.
Problems arose when __________________, _________________ and many other southern states
had already paid their debts and did not like the idea of being asked to help ______________ states
pay theirs. They reached a compromise: In exchange for ____________________ support of the
plan, Northerners agreed to place the new nation’s capital in the _______________. The location
chosen was located on the _________________ River between _____________________ and
_______________________.
A __________________ is a tax on imported goods. It serves 2 purposes: raising
__________________ for the ________________________ and encouraging the
_____________________ of _______________________ ______________________.
Higher
taxes were placed on _________________________ goods. The government felt this would
encourage people to buy ___________________________ goods.
Hamilton also called for the creation of a _____________________ ______________. It could
make loans to _____________ and __________________________, and issue ___________
____________ - paper money that could be used as currency. Jefferson and ________________
opposed this idea.
Interpreting the Constitution
Madison and Jefferson argued that the Constitution did not give the government the power to set up a
bank. They believed in __________________ construction – narrow or strict interpretation of the
____________________.
They stated that the government has only those powers that the
Constitution clearly says it has. Since the ___________________ does not mention a ___________
________________, the government cannot create one.
Hamilton ______________________. He favored a loose construction - _______________ or
flexible interpretation – of the Constitution. He felt that the Elastic Clause of the Constitution allowed
for the creation of the National Bank and that the bank was “_____________________ and
________________” to carry out the government’s duties. According to this view, when the
Constitution grants a power to ______________, it also grants Congress the “necessary and proper”
means to carry out that power. Hamilton won out over Jefferson and Madison and the National Bank
was set up in ___________.
Section 2
Securing the Northwest Territory
Spain held much of North America west of the _________________. It also claimed
_______________ and the port of ________________. This port was key to _________. The
Spanish also stirred up trouble between ___________ ______________ and _____________
_________________ in the Southeast. The strongest resistance to white settlement came in the
______________________ ____________________. The British, in violation of the
_____________ ____ ______________, had settlements in this area. Since this was critical to the
security and growth of the new nation, Washington sent troops there. To squash the rebellions of the
_________________ ________________ they were eventually defeated in the ______________
_______ ________________ _______________ in 1794 and the Treaty of
_________________________ was signed in 1795. Much of present day __________ and
______________________ became part of the U.S.
The Whiskey Rebellion
A group of farmers in western Pennsylvania staged the ______________________ Rebellion, a
revolt against _________ they had to pay, which were part of ____________________ financial
plan. Washington sent in troops to put down the uprising. The rebels eventually fled and federal
troops arrested others. Washington had proved his point – he had shown that the ____________
government had the power and the will to _____________ its own laws.
The French Revolution
Inspired by the American Revolution, the _________________ people rebelled against their
__________________________. They demanded liberty and ________________. The Americans
supported the French Revolution until it turned very violent in 1793. Thousands of French citizens
were _____________________ and in 1793 Louis XVI, their king, was ____________________.
Other _______________________ countries felt threatened from this revolution. France declared
war on _____________________, Holland and Spain. Britain led the fight against
______________. This put the U.S. in an awkward position since ________________ had been an
ally in the ____________________ against the ______________________.
In 1793 Washington declared that the U.S. would remain __________________, not siding with one
country or another. Congress passed a law forbidding the U.S. to help either side.
Remaining Neutral
Britain made it hard for the U.S. to remain ________________. They began seizing the
________________ of American ships carrying goods from the French West Indies.
Chief Justice __________________ _______________ tried to persuade them to stop and to give
up their forts in the ___________________ _____________________. In Jay’s Treaty the British
agreed to leave the _______________ _______________ and to pay damages for the ships they
seized, but it did not open up the profitable British West Indies ____________ to Americans. This
made the treaty ____________________.
Pinckney’s Treaty gave the Americans the right to travel freely on the _____________________
_______________ and to store goods at the Port of New Orleans without paying
__________________ duties.
Section 3
Washington Retires
In Washington’s farewell address, he warned that ______________________ differences could
weaken the nation. Despite this advice, _______________________ __________________
developed in American politics. He also warned the people about relations with the governments of
other countries, or ___________________ __________________. He urged the leaders to remain
_________________ and “steer clear of permanent alliances with any portion of the foreign world”.
He warned that ___________________ with ____________________ _________________ might
work against U.S. interests. His final piece of advice warned the leaders about
______________________ – which is the placing of the interests of one’s own
_____________________ ahead of the interests of the __________________ as a whole. He felt
this would tear the country apart if it was allowed to continue.
Growth of Political Parties
Americans were divided over how the nation should be run. Both sides _____________________
on how to ________________ the ______________________ and on ____________________
policy.
Alexander Hamilton: favored the ___________________, opposed the ___________________
_______________________; favored a strong ______________________ government; saw a
nation in which __________________, manufacturing and ________________ grew.
Thomas Jefferson and James Madison: ________________________ the French Revolution;
favored stronger ______________________ governments and feared a strong central government
would lead to ______________________; pictured a rural nation of ______________________ and
________________________.
These differences lead to _________________________ _____________________. These are
groups of people that try to promote their ideas and influence government. They also back
candidates running for political office. Jefferson and Madison founded the
______________________ __________________ Party. They drew ______________ and workers
to their party. Hamilton founded the _____________________ Party which attracted many
_________________ _____________________ and manufacturers.
John Adams Takes Office
In 1796 the U.S. held its first elections in which political parties competed. John Adams ran on the
__________________ticket against the Democratic-Republican candidate, ____________________
______________________. Adams received 71 electoral votes and Jefferson got 68. The
Constitution stated that the runner-up would become _____________-_____________________.
Therefore the country had a Federalist __________________ and _______________________
________________________ vice-president.
Problems with France
Relations between __________________and the ___________________ _________________
were tense. Britain and France were still at war and the French began seizing U.S. ships to prevent
them from trading with the ______________________. The United States sent diplomats to France
to settle their shaky relations. Their talks became known as the
________________________________. A result of this came in 1798 when Congress cancelled its
treaties with France and allowed U.S. ships to seize __________________ vessels.
The Alien and Sedition Acts
The Federalist ________________________ passed the Alien and Sedition Acts because they felt
the country needed protection against ______________________, who were mainly joining the
Democratic-Federalist Party. Therefore these acts targeted ___________________ – immigrants
who were not yet ____________________. One act increased the waiting period to become a
citizen from _________ to ___________ years. Others gave the president the power to arrest
disloyal ___________________ or order them out of the country during __________________.
Another outlawed ____________________ – saying or _________________ anything
________________ or harmful about the _________________________.
Democratic-Republicans fought these acts and used the idea of ________________
___________________ to argue against them. According to this theory, states had rights that the
___________________ government could not violate. They used the ___________________
Resolutions to try and prove that the Alien and Sedition Acts ________________ the
________________________. No other states supported this but within 2 years the DemocraticRepublicans gained control of _________________ and _______________________ the acts.