Download Cell energy coloring 2014

40 Points
Name:
Period:
Chloroplasts and Mitochondria Honors
Plant cells contain an organelle called the chloroplast. The chloroplast
allows plants to harvest energy from sunlight. Specialized pigments in the
chloroplast (including the common green pigment chlorophyll) absorb
sunlight and use this energy to complete the chemical reaction:
6 CO2 + 6 H2O + energy (from sunlight)
C6H12O6 + 6 O2
In this way, plant cells manufacture glucose and other carbohydrates
that they can store for later use. Photosynthetic cells may have
thousands of chloroplasts. Chloroplasts are double membrane organelles
with an inner membrane folded into disc-shaped sacs called thylakoids.
Color the outer membrane light green. Thylakoids, containing chlorophyll
and other accessory pigments, are in stacks called granum (grana,
plural). Color the grana dark green in Figure 1. Grana are connected to
each other by structures called lamellae, and they are surrounded by a
gel-like material called stroma. Color the lamellae brown in figure 1.
Color the stroma light blue in Figure 1. Light-capturing pigments in the
grana are organized into photosystems. On Figure 2, color a single
thylakoid dark green. In another stack on figure 2, color a granum red.
Mitochondria are the powerhouses of the cell. Glucose and other
carbohydrates made by plants during photosynthesis are broken down by
the process of aerobic cellular respiration in the mitochondria of the
cell. This releases energy (ATP) for the cell. The more active a cell
(such as a muscle cell), the more mitochondria it will have. The
mitochondria are bout the size of a bacterial cell and are often peanutshaped. Mitochondria have a double membrane like the nucleus and
chloroplast. The outer membrane is smooth, while the inner membrane
is convoluted into folds called cristae. Color the outer membrane pink
and the cristae red on figure 3. This greatly increases the surface area
of the membrane so that carbohydrates (simple sugars) can combine
with oxygen to produce ATP, adenosine triphosphate (the energy
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molecule of the cell). The electron transport chain takes place across
the membranes of the cristae (crista, singular). Inside the folds or
cristae is a space called the matrix that contains enzymes needed for
the Kreb's Cycle. Color the matrix yellow on figure 3.
Stroma
Figure 1-Chloroplast
Outer
membrane
Granum
3 Points
Lamellae
Figure 2-Thylakoid
Granum
3 Points
Thylakoid
2
Mitochondria
Matrix
Cristae
3 Points
Outer
membrane
Questions: 10 points
1. What is the energy molecule of the cell called?
2. What macromolecule made by plants is stored by plants for later use?
3. Where is chlorophyll found in the chloroplast?
4. In which part of a plant would you expect to find the most chloroplasts and why?
5. How would the number of mitochondria in an insect's wing compare to the amount
found in other cells in an insect's body? (Think about the activity levels)
6. What are the three raw materials for photosynthesis (see the equation)?
7. What product of photosynthesis is used in cellular respiration?
8. What is the advantage of having a folded inner membrane in the mitochondria?
9. What is the energy for photosynthesis?
10. Besides chlorophyll, what other pigments are found in the chloroplasts?
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Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is the energy molecule used by all cells
to do work. It is a nucleotide consisting of a nitrogen-containing base
(adenine, thymine, cytosine, or guanine), a 5-carbon sugar, and 3 phosphate
groups. ATP is able to store and transport chemical energy within cells.
The LAST TWO phosphate groups (PO4), are joined by HIGH-ENERGY
bonds. When these bonds are broken, energy is released for cells to use
and ADP forms. Enzymes help to break and reform these high-energy
bonds.
1. What does ATP stand for?
2. What three main things make up an ATP molecule?
3. How many high-energy bonds does ATP contain?
4. Where are these high-energy bonds found in ATP?
5. What helps weaken these bonds so energy can be released and then
later help reform them?
6. When ATP loses a phosphate group __________ is released for cells
and a molecule of _________ forms.
In Figure 4, COLOR the 5-carbon sugar RED and LABEL it RIBOSE.
COLOR and LABEL the nitrogen-base DARK BLUE. COLOR and LABEL
the 3 phosphate groups YELLOW, and COLOR & LABEL the 2 highenergy bonds GREEN.
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FIGURE 4 – ATP MOLECULE
2 Points
Fermentation:
Before glucose can enter the mitochondria, it is split into a compound called
Pyruvate acid in the process called Glycolysis, yielding 2 net ATP. Color
all the ATP bubbles yellow. Glycolysis (glyco-sugar, lysis- to split) occurs
without oxygen. Color the glucose and pyruvate acid light purple. If it
occurs without oxygen, it is considered Anaerobic respiration. Color
the anaerobic box light green. If oxygen is present after glycolysis, then
the pyruvate acid enters the mitochondria. This is known as Aerobic
respiration that occurs inside the mitochondria. Color the aerobic
respiration box and mitochondria oval light blue.
Fermentation takes place in the absence of oxygen. In animals, the
process called Lactic acid fermentation converts the pyruvate acid
into ATP and lactic acid. This can occur in humans while exercising
strenuously since sufficient oxygen isn’t provided to muscle cells. This
keeps cells fueled with ATP. However, this does not cause soreness. The
cause of muscle soreness is the damage of muscle fibers while exerting
them during exercise. Color the lactic acid box dark purple.
Alcoholic fermentation occurs in yeasts and some bacteria.
After glycolysis, they covert the pyruvate acid into ethyl alcohol and CO2.
Since bacteria do not have mitochondria, this is the primary source of ATP.
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Color the alcohol/CO2 box dark purple. This process make beer, wine, and
bread in yeast, and cheese/yogurt in bacteria.
Finally, color the background of the cytosol light blue, and the
background of the mitochondrion light green.
3 Points
7. What is the process called that splits glucose into pyruvate acid,
yielding 2 net ATP?
8. What is the process called that does not require oxygen?
9. What is the process called that requires O2?
10. What type of fermentation occurs in the absence of oxygen in
animals?
11. What causes muscle soreness in humans after exercising?
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12. In what type of organisms does alcoholic fermentation occur in?
13. Since yeast are eukaryotic, do you think they have mitochondria?
14-16. Name three products that can be used by humans from alcoholic
fermentation?
1.
2.
3.
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